{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:55:14Z","timestamp":1786038914676,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009056","name":"University of West Bohemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGS-2022-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS-2022-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of diseases that share a common trait of elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers this level by promoting glucose utilization, thus avoiding short- and long-term organ damage due to the elevated blood glucose level. A patient with diabetes uses an insulin pump to dose insulin. The pump uses a controller to compute and dose the correct amount of insulin to keep blood glucose levels in a safe range. Insulin-pump controller development is an ongoing process aiming at fully closed-loop control. Controllers entering the market must be evaluated for safety. We propose an evaluation method that exploits an FDA-approved diabetic patient simulator. The method evaluates a Cartesian product of individual insulin-pump parameters with a fine degree of granularity. As this is a computationally intensive task, the simulator executes on a distributed cluster. We identify safe and risky combinations of insulin-pump parameter settings by applying the binomial model and decision tree to this product. As a result, we obtain a tool for insulin-pump settings and controller safety assessment. In this paper, we demonstrate the tool with the Low-Glucose Suspend and OpenAPS controllers. For average \u00b1 standard deviation, LGS and OpenAPS exhibited 1.7 \u00b1 0.6% and 3.2 \u00b1 1.8% of local extrema (i.e., good insulin-pump settings) out of all the entire Cartesian products, respectively. A continuous region around the best-discovered settings (i.e., the global extremum) of the insulin-pump settings spread across 4.0 \u00b1 1.1% and 4.1 \u00b1 1.3% of the Cartesian products, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"9445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Distributed Assessment of Virtual Insulin-Pump Settings Using SmartCGMS and DMMS.R for Diabetes Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ubl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Technicka 18, 330 01 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Koutny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New Technologies for Information Society, University of West Bohemia, Technicka 18, 330 01 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Della Cioppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Computation Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanoe","family":"De Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Scafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jameson, J., Fauci, A., Kasper, D., Hauser, S., Longo, D., and Loscalzo, J. (2018). Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine (Vol.1 & Vol.2), McGraw-Hill Education. [20th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hall, J., and Hall, M. (2020). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Elsevier. 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