{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1760232911684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovate UK","award":["105538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105538"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the wide use of gearmotor systems in industry, many diagnostic techniques have been developed\/employed to prevent their failures. An insufficient lubrication of gearboxes of these machines could shorten their life and lead to catastrophic failures and losses, making it important to ensure a required lubrication level. For the first time in worldwide terms, this paper proposed to diagnose a lack of gearbox oil lubrication using motor current signature analysis (MCSA). This study proposed, investigated, and experimentally validated two new technologies to diagnose a lack of lubrication of gear motor systems based on MCSA. Two new diagnostic features were extracted from the current signals of a three-phase induction motor. The effectiveness of the proposed technologies was evaluated for different gear lubrication levels and was compared for three phases of motor current signals and for a case of averaging the proposed diagnostic features over three phases. The results confirmed a high effectiveness of the proposed technologies for diagnosing a lack of oil lubrication in gearmotor systems. Other contributions were as follows: (i) it was shown for the first time in worldwide terms, that the motor current nonlinearity level increases with the reduction of the sgearbox oil level; (ii) novel experimental validations of the proposed two diagnostic technologies via comprehensive experimental trials (iii) novel experimental comparisons of the diagnosis effectiveness of the proposed two diagnostic technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1670238130000},"page":"9507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Novel Diagnosis Technologies for a Lack of Oil Lubrication in Gearmotor Systems, Based on Motor Current Signature Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0406-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Habib","family":"Farhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology, School of Computing and Engineering, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Len","family":"Gelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology, School of Computing and Engineering, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Conaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daifuku Airport Technologies, Sutton Road, Hull HU7 0DR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Kluis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Babcock International Group, Schiphol Boulevard 363, 1118 BJ Schiphol, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology, School of Computing and Engineering, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10675","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110675","article-title":"Low-cost oil quality sensor based on changes in complex permittivity","volume":"11","author":"Hadfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107341","article-title":"Online oil debris monitoring of rotating machinery: A detailed review of more than three decades","volume":"149","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. 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