{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:52:34Z","timestamp":1777675954929,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"European Space Agency and the Belgian Federal Scientific Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000110826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000110826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"European Space Agency and the Belgian Federal Scientific Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["043709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["043709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"European Space Agency and the Belgian Federal Scientific Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["29801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique","award":["4000110826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000110826"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique","award":["043709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["043709"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique","award":["29801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG) are non-invasive techniques used to record the micromovements induced by cardiovascular activity at the body\u2019s center of mass and on the chest, respectively. Since their inception, their potential for evaluating cardiovascular health has been studied. However, both BCG and SCG are impacted by respiration, leading to a periodic modulation of these signals. As a result, data processing algorithms have been developed to exclude the respiratory signals, or recording protocols have been designed to limit the respiratory bias. Reviewing the present status of the literature reveals an increasing interest in applying these techniques to extract respiratory information, as well as cardiac information. The possibility of simultaneous monitoring of respiratory and cardiovascular signals via BCG or SCG enables the monitoring of vital signs during activities that require considerable mental concentration, in extreme environments, or during sleep, where data acquisition must occur without introducing recording bias due to irritating monitoring equipment. This work aims to provide a theoretical and practical overview of cardiopulmonary interaction based on BCG and SCG signals. It covers the recent improvements in extracting respiratory signals, computing markers of the cardiorespiratory interaction with practical applications, and investigating sleep breathing disorders, as well as a comparison of different sensors used for these applications. According to the results of this review, recent studies have mainly concentrated on a few domains, especially sleep studies and heart rate variability computation. Even in those instances, the study population is not always large or diversified. Furthermore, BCG and SCG are prone to movement artifacts and are relatively subject dependent. However, the growing tendency toward artificial intelligence may help achieve a more accurate and efficient diagnosis. These encouraging results bring hope that, in the near future, such compact, lightweight BCG and SCG devices will offer a good proxy for the gold standard methods for assessing cardiorespiratory function, with the added benefit of being able to perform measurements in real-world situations, outside of the clinic, and thus decrease costs and time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1670392252000},"page":"9565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Investigating Cardiorespiratory Interaction Using Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Paniz","family":"Balali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Rabineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Hossein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Tordeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6461-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Debeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"van de Borne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-018-0545-9","article-title":"Localization and Classification of Heart Beats in Phonocardiography Signals\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"2018","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIP J. 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