{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:07:28Z","timestamp":1780589248888,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"M\u00e9tropole Europ\u00e9enne de Lille (MEL)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the ongoing fifth-generation cellular network (5G) deployment, electromagnetic field exposure has become a critical concern. However, measurements are scarce, and accurate electromagnetic field reconstruction in a geographic region remains challenging. This work proposes a conditional generative adversarial network to address this issue. The main objective is to reconstruct the electromagnetic field exposure map accurately according to the environment\u2019s topology from a few sensors located in an outdoor urban environment. The model is trained to learn and estimate the propagation characteristics of the electromagnetic field according to the topology of a given environment. In addition, the conditional generative adversarial network-based electromagnetic field mapping is compared with simple kriging. Results show that the proposed method produces accurate estimates and is a promising solution for exposure map reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1670558386000},"page":"9643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Towards Outdoor Electromagnetic Field Exposure Mapping Generation Using Conditional GANs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mallik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520\u2013IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angesom Ataklity","family":"Tesfay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Allaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Redha","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520\u2013IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Egea-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Maria","family":"Molina-Garcia-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Wiart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chaire C2M, LTCI, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3455-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davy P.","family":"Gaillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520\u2013IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Clavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520\u2013IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niknejad, A.M., Thyagarajan, S., Alon, E., Wang, Y., and Hull, C. (2015, January 28\u201330). A circuit designer\u2019s guide to 5G mm-wave. 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