{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:16:48Z","timestamp":1776827808018,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiment was performed using a double-shell electrical model to investigate the feasibility of detecting physiological changes in lettuce leaves over 16 h. Four lettuce plants were used, and the impedance spectra of the leaves were measured five times per plant every hour at frequencies of 500 Hz and 300 kHz. Estimated R-C parameters were computed, and the results show that the lettuce leaves closely fit the double-shell model (DSM). The average resistance ratios of R1 = 10.66R4 and R1 = 3.34R2 show high resistance in the extracellular fluid (ECF). A rapid increase in resistance (R1, R2, and R4) and a decrease in capacitance (C3 and C5) during water uptake were observed. In contrast, a gradual decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance were observed while the LED light was on. Comparative studies of leaf physiology and electrical value changes support the idea that EIS is a great technique for the early monitoring of plant growth for crop production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T05:10:19Z","timestamp":1670821819000},"page":"9671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Monitoring of Indoor Farming of Lettuce Leaves for 16 Hours Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Double-Shell Model (DSM)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Christian","family":"Nouaze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CAS Corporation, Headquarters, R&D Center, Yangju 11415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate R&D Center, Hanwool Bio, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gye Rok","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exsolit Research Center, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Exsolit Research Center, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(00)01781-7","article-title":"Imaging Techniques and the Early Detection of Plant Stress","volume":"5","author":"Chaerle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-15-0340-FE","article-title":"Plant Disease Detection by Imaging Sensors\u2014Parallels and Specific Demands for Precision Agriculture and Plant Phenotyping","volume":"100","author":"Mahlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2307\/2389624","article-title":"Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Probe of the Photosynthetic Competence of Leaves in the Field: A Review of Current Instrumentation","volume":"3","author":"Long","year":"1989","journal-title":"Funct. 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