{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:49:32Z","timestamp":1782791372852,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41404031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41404031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGED2022-3-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-3-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YQ2-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["41404031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41404031"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["SKLGED2022-3-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-3-5"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["20210206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210206"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["2018YQ2-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-10"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering","award":["41404031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41404031"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering","award":["SKLGED2022-3-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-3-5"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering","award":["20210206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210206"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering","award":["2018YQ2-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-10"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology","award":["41404031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41404031"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology","award":["SKLGED2022-3-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-3-5"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology","award":["20210206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210206"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology","award":["2018YQ2-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite altimetry can provide long-term water level time series for water bodies lacking hydrological stations. Few studies have evaluated the performance of HY-2C and Sentinel-6 satellites in inland water bodies, as they have operated for less than 1 and 2 years, respectively. This study evaluated the measured water level accuracy of CryoSat-2, HY-2B, HY-2C, ICESat-2, Jason-3, Sentinel-3A, and Sentinel-6 in the Great Lakes by in-situ data of 12 hydrological stations from 1 January 2021 to 1 April 2022. Jason-3 and Sentinel-6 have the lowest mean root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of measured water level, which is 0.07 m. The measured water level of Sentinel-6 satellite shows a high correlation at all passing stations, and the average value of all correlation coefficients (R) is also the highest among all satellites, reaching 0.94. The mean RMSE of ICESat-2 satellite is slightly lower than Jason-3 and Sentinel-6, which is 0.09 m. The stability of the average deviation (bias) of the ICESat-2 is the best, with the maximum bias only 0.07 m larger than the minimum bias. ICESat-2 satellite has an exceptionally high spatial resolution. It is the only satellite among the seven satellites that has retrieved water levels around twelve stations. HY-2C satellite has the highest temporal resolution, with a temporal resolution of 7.5 days at station 9075014 in Huron Lake and an average of 10 days in the Great Lakes region. The results show that the seven altimetry satellites currently in operation have their own advantages and disadvantages, Jason-3 and Sentinel-6 have the highest accuracy, ICESat-2 has higher accuracy and the highest spatial resolution, and HY-2C has the highest temporal resolution, although it is less accurate. In summary, with full consideration of accuracy and space-time resolution, the ICESat-2 satellite can be used as the benchmark to achieve the unification of multi-source data and establish water level time series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T05:42:00Z","timestamp":1670823720000},"page":"9718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evaluating the Performance of Seven Ongoing Satellite Altimetry Missions for Measuring Inland Water Levels of the Great Lakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fucai","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madson, A., and Sheng, Y. 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