{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:19:58Z","timestamp":1775193598706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000736","name":"University of East Anglia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1012606FA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1012606FA1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unreliable networks often use excess bandwidth for data integration in smart cities. For this purpose, Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) with a certain quality of service (QoS) is employed. Data integrity and data security are frequently compromised for reducing bandwidth usage while designing integrated applications. Thus, for a reliable and secure integrated Internet of Everything (IoE) service, a range of network parameters are conditioned to achieve the required quality of a deliverable service. In this work, a QoS-0-based MQTT is developed in such a manner that the transparent MQTT protocol uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-based connectivity with various rules for the retransmission of contents if the requests are not entertained for a fixed duration. The work explores the ways to improve the overall content delivery probability. The parameters are examined over a transparent gateway-based TCP network after developing a mathematical model for the proposed retransmission-based mutant QoS-0. The probability model is then verified by an actual physical network where the repeated content delivery is explored at VM-based MQTT, local network-based broker and a remote server. The results show that the repeated transmission of contents from the sender improves the content delivery probability over the unreliable MQTT-based Internet of Things (IoT) for developing smart cities\u2019 applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T03:32:32Z","timestamp":1670902352000},"page":"9751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mathematical Modeling and Validation of Retransmission-Based Mutant MQTT for Improving Quality of Service in Developing Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Haseeb","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybersecurity and Information Networks Centre (CINC), Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaminda","family":"Hewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybersecurity and Information Networks Centre (CINC), Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheel","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rameez","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03955-6","article-title":"Design and implementation of a cloud-based event-driven architecture for real-time data processing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"78","author":"Khriji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Super Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Andrew, B., and Rahul, G. (2021, July 01). OASIS MQTT Version. Available online: http:\/\/docs.oasis-open.org\/mqtt\/mqtt\/v3.1.1\/mqtt-v3.1.1.html\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handosa, M., Gra\u010danin, D., and Elmongui, H.G. (2017, January 3\u20136). Performance evaluation of MQTT-based internet of things systems. Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2017.8248196"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavitha, K., and Suseendran, G. (2019, January 24\u201326). Priority based Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm for IoT Sensor Systems. 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Available online: https:\/\/www.rabbitmq.com\/mqtt.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/24\/9751\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:08Z","timestamp":1760146808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/24\/9751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22249751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22249751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]}}}