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Although the main objective of this study is to provide a review of machine learning (ML) algorithms that have been reported for analyzing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy from traditional machine learning methods to deep network architectures, we also provide different NIR measurement modes, instruments, signal preprocessing methods, etc. Firstly, four different measurement modes available in NIR are reviewed, different types of NIR instruments are compared, and a summary of NIR data analysis methods is provided. Secondly, the public NIR spectroscopy datasets are briefly discussed, with links provided. Thirdly, the widely used data preprocessing and feature selection algorithms that have been reported for NIR spectroscopy are presented. Then, the majority of the traditional machine learning methods and deep network architectures that are commonly employed are covered. Finally, we conclude that developing the integration of a variety of machine learning algorithms in an efficient and lightweight manner is a significant future research direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T03:32:32Z","timestamp":1670902352000},"page":"9764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["A Review of Machine Learning for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engnineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyanaarachchi Chamara","family":"Kasun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engnineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engnineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engnineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1587-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engnineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"The benzene fingers, part I: Overtone and combination bands","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.20R008","article-title":"Infrared Spectroscopy\u2014Mid-infrared, Near-infrared, and Far-infrared\/Terahertz Spectroscopy","volume":"37","author":"Ozaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. 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