{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:25:07Z","timestamp":1787163907073,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["STRATEGMED3\/305274\/8\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED3\/305274\/8\/NCBR\/2017"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["C\u0141\/631\/2021\/DF\/DW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\u0141\/631\/2021\/DF\/DW"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science in Poland","award":["STRATEGMED3\/305274\/8\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED3\/305274\/8\/NCBR\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science in Poland","award":["C\u0141\/631\/2021\/DF\/DW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\u0141\/631\/2021\/DF\/DW"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and reliable determination of the characteristic points of the impedance cardiogram (ICG) is an important research problem with a growing range of applications in the cardiological diagnostics of patients with heart failure (HF). The shapes of the characteristic waves of the ICG signal and the temporal location of the characteristic points B, C, and X provide significant diagnostic information. On this basis, essential diagnostic cardiological parameters can be determined, such as, e.g., cardiac output (CO) or stroke volume (SV). Although the importance of this problem is obvious, we face many challenges, including noisy signals and the big variability in the morphology, which altogether make the accurate identification of the characteristic points quite difficult. The paper presents an effective method of ICG points identification intended for conducting experimental research in the field of impedance cardiography. Its effectiveness is confirmed in clinical pilot studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T04:54:14Z","timestamp":1671080054000},"page":"9872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Effective Method of Detecting Characteristic Points of Impedance Cardiogram Verified in the Clinical Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2104-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Karpiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, Roosevelt 118, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Richter-Laskowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, Roosevelt 118, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, Roosevelt 118, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Gacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, Roosevelt 118, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Sobotnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, Roosevelt 118, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015464","article-title":"The technique of impedance cardiography: A review","volume":"18","author":"Woltjer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. 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