{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:45:03Z","timestamp":1781109903461,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Sarajevo Canton","award":["27-02-35-35137-31\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27-02-35-35137-31\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lightning parameters are needed in different engineering applications. For the prediction of the severity of transient voltages in power systems, an accurate knowledge of the parameters of lightning currents is essential. All relevant standards and technical brochures recommend that lightning characteristics should be classified according to geographical regions instead of assuming that these characteristics are globally uniform. Many engineers and scientists suggest that better methods for lightning current measurements and analyses need to be developed. A system for direct lightning current measurements installed on Mount Lov\u0107en is described in this paper. Observed data were analyzed, and statistical data on parameters that are of interest for engineering applications were obtained, as well as correlations between various lightning parameters. Furthermore, a novel approach for classifying and analyzing lightning data from direct measurements based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed. Matlab was used as a tool for signal processing and statistical analysis. The methodology implemented in this work opens possibilities for automated analysis of large data sets and expressing lightning parameters in probabilistic terms from the data measured on site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1671442261000},"page":"9925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Approach for Estimating Lightning Current Parameters Using the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Grebovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermin","family":"Opra\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Hela\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Ugle\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulah","family":"Ak\u0161amovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4895-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samim","family":"Konjicija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1109\/61.108922","article-title":"Modeling of metal-oxide surge arresters","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Estimating lightning performance of transmission line 2\u2013Updates to analytical models","volume":"8","author":"Whitehead","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. (Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng.) (U. S.)"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Grebovic, S. (2016). Energy Stresses of Transmission Line Surge Arresters Due to Lightning Discharges, Graz University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. (2003). Lightning: Physics and Effects, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107340886"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.11.028","article-title":"A review of ten years of triggered-lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida","volume":"76","author":"Rakov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grebovic, S., Uglesic, I., Balota, A., and Franc, B. (2018, January 21\u201325). Analytics of Lightning Data Collected by the Direct Measurement System and Lightning Location System. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2018.8571806"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Diendorfer, G., Bernardi, M., Cummins, K., Del la Rosa, F., Hermoso, B., Hussein, A., Kawamura, T., Rachidi, F., Rakov, V., and Schulz, W. (2009). Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters Derived from Lightning Location Systems-The Effects of system Performance. Rev. CIGRE Rep., 1\u20135."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CIGRE Working Group 01 of SC 33 (1991). Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. CIGRE Broch., 64, 171."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Paolone, M., Rachidi-Haeri, F., and Nucci, C.A. (2010). IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines, IEEE. Technical report."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2010). Protection Against Lightning\u2013Part 1: General Principles. Standard No. IEC 62305-1."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2004). Insulation Co-Ordination-Part 4: Computational Guide to Insulation Co-Ordination and Modeling of Electrical Networks. Standard No. IEC 60071-4."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakov, V.A., Borghetti, A., Bouquegneau, C., Chisholm, W.A., Cooray, V., Cummins, K., Diendorfer, G., Heidler, F., Hussein, A., and Ishii, M. (2013). Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications. International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XII SIPDA), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPDA.2013.6729246"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2004.835039","article-title":"Parameters of lightning strokes: A review","volume":"20","author":"Chowdhuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.05.026","article-title":"Denoising of measured lightning electric field signals using adaptive filters in the fractional Fourier domain","volume":"55","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, C., Santamar\u00eda, F., Roman, F., Rachidi, F., and Gomes, C. (2010, January 13\u201317). Analysis of wavelet based denoising methods applied to measured lightning electric fields. Proceedings of the 2010 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICLP.2010.7845950"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2009.08.002","article-title":"Comparative study of adaptive techniques for denoising CN Tower lightning current derivative signals","volume":"20","author":"Nedjah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grebovic, S., Oprasic, N., and Balota, A. (2018, January 21\u201325). Evaluation of Method for Lightning Current Waveform Parameter Extraction. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2018.8571674"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Min, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhao, G. (2021). A New Approach of 3D Lightning Location Based on Pearson Correlation Combined with Empirical Mode Decomposition. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193883"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"120","article-title":"Denoising CN Tower Lightning-Generated Magnetic Field Return-Stroke Signals Using the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method","volume":"100","author":"Ouarda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2991724","article-title":"Application of ensemble empirical mode decomposition in low-frequency lightning electric field signal analysis and lightning location","volume":"59","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"23","article-title":"Parameters of lightning flashes","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electra"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"65","article-title":"Lightning parameters for engineering application","volume":"69","author":"Anderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electra"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balota, A., Grebovi\u0107, S., and Sadovi\u0107, T. (2016, January 12\u201316). Lightning activity monitoring system in real time. Proceedings of the 2016 5th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), Bar, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO.2016.7525692"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2018.07.011","article-title":"System of connections and transport of data registered from lightning discharges","volume":"63","author":"Balota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2299\/jsp.17.215","article-title":"Empirical mode decomposition for advanced speech signal processing","volume":"17","author":"Molla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh, M.S., and Rodriguez-Marek, E. (2012, January 4\u20137). Speech enhancement of color noise using empirical mode decomposition. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2012.6489320"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.H., Hsieh, C.H., Chen, W., and Tan, T.H. (2019). ECG noise cancellation based on grey spectral noise estimation. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040798"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2018.485.490","article-title":"Speech Segmentation Using Dynamic Windows and Thresholds for Arabic and English Languages","volume":"14","author":"Jazyah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hileman, A.R. (2018). Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420052015"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"IEEE Power Engineering Society, and Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Committee (1978). IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Number 4."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2004.829116","article-title":"Estimation of the statistical distributions of lightning current parameters at ground level from the data recorded by instrumented towers","volume":"19","author":"Borghetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2019.2926665","article-title":"Lightning parameters of a tropical region for engineering application: Statistics of 51 flashes measured at Morro do Cachimbo and expressions for peak current distributions","volume":"62","author":"Silveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/24\/9925\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:43Z","timestamp":1760146963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/24\/9925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22249925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22249925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}}}