{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:39:37Z","timestamp":1760233177370,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"]}]},{"name":"Experimental Apparatus Research Project of Wuhan Pulsed High Magnetic Field Center","award":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10975056","11475067","2015ZDTD017","2017KFXKJC012","2015KF17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement of a time-varying magnetic field is different from a constant magnetic field, due to its field intensity variation with time. Usually, the time-varying magnetic field measurement converts the solution of the magnetic induction intensity into the calculation of the induced electromotive force (EMF); then, the magnetic induction intensity is obtained by the time integration of the EMF, but the process is vulnerable to external interference. In this paper, a non-steady state nuclear magnetic resonance (NSS-NMR) scheme for the measurement of a time-varying magnetic field is proposed. In a time-varying magnetic field environment, an RF excitation signal with a certain frequency bandwidth is applied to excite the nuclear spin system. The NSS-NMR signal, which varies with time in the frequency range corresponding to the frequency bandwidth of the RF excitation, could finally be obtained after a series of processing of the probe output signal. During the NSS-NMR experiment, an orthogonal dual-coil probe is adopted to synchronously generate the RF excitation and induce the probe output signal. Moreover, a directional coupler that utilized in the experiment outputs a reference signal from the coupling port for the subsequent signal processing. The experimental results show that the weak NSS-NMR signal is indeed observed. The longitudinal time-varying magnetic field ranges from 0.576 T to 0.582 T, which is inverted by the Larmor precession relationship, have been successfully detected based on the so-called NSS-NMR effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1671442261000},"page":"9960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Steady State NMR Effect and Application on Time-Varying Magnetic Field Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110338","article-title":"In-situ triaxial residual magnetic field measurement based on optically-detected electron paramagnetic resonance of spin-polarized potassium","volume":"187","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2012.01.015","article-title":"Detecting rotating magnetic fields using optically pumped atomic magnetometers for measuring ultra-low-field magnetic resonance signals","volume":"217","author":"Oida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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