{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:55:54Z","timestamp":1783184154669,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Scienceand Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory","award":["SQ-KFKT-24-2021-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ-KFKT-24-2021-006"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Scienceand Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory","award":["22C0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22C0223"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Education Department: Research on the defense mechanism of multi-state fusion of nuclear power digital instrumentation and control system","award":["SQ-KFKT-24-2021-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ-KFKT-24-2021-006"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Education Department: Research on the defense mechanism of multi-state fusion of nuclear power digital instrumentation and control system","award":["22C0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22C0223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intelligent mechanical systems are a focused area nowadays. One of the requirements of intelligent mechanical systems is to achieve intelligent fault diagnosis through the real-time acquisition and analysis of data from various sensors installed on mechanical components. In this paper, a new fault diagnosis method is proposed to solve the problems of difficulty in integrating the fault diagnosis algorithm and locating fault parts due to the complexity of modern mechanical systems. The complexity of modern industrial intelligent systems is due to the fact that the systems are composed of multiple components and there are various connections between them. Common fault diagnosis is to design specialized fault identification algorithms for the physical characteristics of each component, and the integration of different algorithms is a major challenge for system performance. Therefore, this paper investigates a general algorithm for the fault diagnosis of complex systems using the timing characteristics of sensors and transfer entropy. The fault diagnosis algorithm is based on the prediction of multi-dimensional long time series using Autoformer, and fault identification is performed based on the deviation of the predicted value from the actual value. After fault identification, a root cause analysis method of faults based on transfer entropy is proposed. The method can locate the component where the fault occurs more accurately based on the analysis of the cause\u2013effect relationship of each component and help maintenance personnel to troubleshoot the fault.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1671442261000},"page":"9973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multi-Sensor Fault Diagnosis Based on Time Series in an Intelligent Mechanical System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianmu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04333-6","article-title":"Early fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on noise-assisted signal feature enhancement and stochastic resonance for intelligent manufacturing","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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