{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:40:01Z","timestamp":1760233201224,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","award":["8775821110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8775821110"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology &amp; Space via the Ilan Ramon Research Fellowship, Israel","award":["8775821110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8775821110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The damage caused by natural disasters in rural areas differs in nature extent, landscape, and structure, from the damage caused in urban environments. Previous and current studies have focused mainly on mapping damaged structures in urban areas after catastrophic events such as earthquakes or tsunamis. However, research focusing on the level of damage or its distribution in rural areas is lacking. This study presents a methodology for mapping, characterizing, and assessing the damage in rural environments following natural disasters, both in built-up and vegetation areas, by combining synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and optical remote sensing data. As a case study, we applied the methodology to characterize the rural areas affected by the Sulawesi earthquake and the subsequent tsunami event in Indonesia that occurred on 28 September 2018. High-resolution COSMO-SkyMed images obtained pre- and post-event, alongside Sentinel-2 images, were used as inputs. This study\u2019s results emphasize that remote sensing data from rural areas must be treated differently from that of urban areas following a disaster. Additionally, the analysis must include the surrounding features, not only the damaged structures. Furthermore, the results highlight the applicability of the methodology for a variety of disaster events, as well as multiple hazards, and can be adapted using a combination of different optical and SAR sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1671442261000},"page":"9998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Damage Assessment in Rural Environments Following Natural Disasters Using Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shiran","family":"Havivi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley R.","family":"Rotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan G.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"},{"name":"Homeland Security Institute, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimrit","family":"Maman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeland Security Institute, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havivi, S., Schvartzman, I., Maman, S., Rotman, S.R., and Blumberg, D.G. 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