{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1772503031261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Postdoc Fellowship Program of the Czech Technical University in Prague"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driving simulators are increasingly being incorporated by driving schools into a training process for a variety of vehicles. The motion platform is a major component integrated into simulators to enhance the sense of presence and fidelity of the driving simulator. However, less effort has been devoted to assessing the motion cues feedback on trainee performance in simulators. To address this gap, we thoroughly study the impact of motion cues on braking at a target point as an elementary behavior that reflects the overall driver\u2019s performance. In this paper, we use an eye-tracking device to evaluate driver behavior in addition to evaluating data from a driving simulator and considering participants\u2019 feedback. Furthermore, we compare the effect of different motion levels (\u201cNo motion\u201d, \u201cMild motion\u201d, and \u201cFull motion\u201d) in two road scenarios: with and without the pre-braking warning signs with the speed feedback given by the speedometer. The results showed that a full level of motion cues had a positive effect on braking smoothness and gaze fixation on the track. In particular, the presence of full motion cues helped the participants to gradually decelerate from 5 to 0 ms\u22121 in the last 240 m before the stop line in both scenarios, without and with warning signs, compared to the hardest braking from 25 to 0 ms\u22121 produced under the no motion cues conditions. Moreover, the results showed that a combination of the mild motion conditions and warning signs led to an underestimation of the actual speed and a greater fixation of the gaze on the speedometer. Questionnaire data revealed that 95% of the participants did not suffer from motion sickness symptoms, yet participants\u2019 preferences did not indicate that they were aware of the impact of simulator conditions on their driving behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1671601373000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Impact of Physical Motion Cues on Driver Braking Performance: A Clinical Study Using Driving Simulator and Eye Tracker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5358-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"El Hamdani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Technology, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Konviktsk\u00e1 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8308-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Bouchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Technology, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Konviktsk\u00e1 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1474-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tereza","family":"Kunclova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Technology, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Konviktsk\u00e1 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lehet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Technology, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Konviktsk\u00e1 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2020.3036582","article-title":"A Review of Driving Simulation Technology and Applications","volume":"2","author":"Bruck","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. 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