{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:54:19Z","timestamp":1775843659787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asia University Hospital (Taiwan)","award":["10951011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10951011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with knee osteoarthritis have a unique plantar-pressure pattern during walking, and lateral-wedge insoles are one of the treatment options. Participants were randomly assigned to either the lateral-wedge insole group or the ordinary insole group. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and plantar-pressure test scores were evaluated at the baseline and at 20 weeks. Plantar pressure data were collected using a pressure insole with 89 sensing locations. In the ordinary insole group, the function and total WOMAC scores decreased significantly (function score, 24.8 (baseline) to 16.5 (week 20); total score, 34.9 (baseline) to 24.6 (week 20)). During walking, the transverse width of the center of pressure as a percentage of foot width (%Trans) significantly increased in the ordinary insole group (baseline, 6.3%; week 20, 14.8%). In addition, the values of partial foot pressure as a percentage of body weight (%PFP) on the forefoot (baseline, 30.3%; week 20, 39.2%) and heel (baseline, 28.1%; week 20, 16.9%) also increased significantly in the ordinary insole group. Significant group-by-time interaction effects were observed for partial foot pressure per body weight in the forefoot (p = 0.031) and heel (p = 0.024). In the ordinary insole group, the plantar pressure on the heel significantly decreased (p = 0.011) and that on the forefoot significantly increased (p = 0.023). In contrast, plantar pressure remained stable in all regions in the lateral-wedge insole group. Thus, lateral-wedge insoles may protect against plantar pressure deterioration in patients with knee osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:26:25Z","timestamp":1671765985000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Study on the Effects of Lateral-Wedge Insoles on Plantar-Pressure Pattern for Medial Knee Osteoarthritis Using the Wearable Sensing Insole"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Ching","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Yen","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3152-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Wei","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Pin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.041","article-title":"Foot pressure pattern, hindfoot deformities, and their associations with foot pain in individuals with advanced medial knee osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.017","article-title":"Foot pressure pattern and its correlation with knee range of motion limitations for individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24131","article-title":"2019 American college of rheumatology\/arthritis foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee","volume":"72","author":"Kolasinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198708000-00021","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the treatment of osteoarthritic knees using a newly designed wedged insole","volume":"221","author":"Sasaki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097108","article-title":"The effects of shoe-worn insoles on gait biomechanics in people with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.08.011","article-title":"Laterally elevated wedged insoles in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis: A two-year prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Pham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2912","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2912","article-title":"Lateral wedge insoles for medial knee osteoarthritis: 12 month randomised controlled trial","volume":"342","author":"Bennell","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.243229","article-title":"Lateral wedge insoles as a conservative treatment for pain in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis","volume":"310","author":"Parkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-018-3004-z","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of lateral-wedge insoles on the improvement of pain and function for medial knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of controlled randomized trials","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.7547\/1000178","article-title":"Foot center of pressure and medial knee osteoarthritis","volume":"100","author":"Lidtke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"186","article-title":"Validation of F-Scan pressure sensor system: A technical note","volume":"35","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.06.008","article-title":"In-shoe plantar pressure measurements for patients with knee osteoarthritis: Reliability and effects of lateral heel wedges","volume":"34","author":"Leitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5714","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.905136","article-title":"Characteristics of plantar loads during walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-021-00493-5","article-title":"An exploration of changes in plantar pressure distributions during walking with standalone and supported lateral wedge insole designs","volume":"14","author":"Tse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40808","article-title":"The efficacy of a lateral wedge insole for painful medial knee osteoarthritis after prescreening: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Felson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.07.010","article-title":"Lateral wedge insoles for medial Knee osteoarthritis: Effects on lower limb frontal plane biomechanics","volume":"27","author":"Hinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4732-4","article-title":"Classifications in brief: Kellgren-Lawrence classification of osteoarthritis","volume":"474","author":"Kohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T.Y., Kuo, C.C., Hung, L.W., Lee, W.C., Lo, J.H., Lu, H.L., and Lu, T.W. (2021). Test-retest reliability of sole morphology measurements using a novel single-image-based pin-array impression reconstruction method. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104447"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f93","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Visual Analogue Scale for disability in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"31","author":"Boonstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1833","article-title":"Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee","volume":"15","author":"Bellamy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00089-X","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index in Italian patients with osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"11","author":"Salaffi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes043","article-title":"The use and reporting of WOMAC in the assessment of the benefit of physical therapies for the pain of osteoarthritis of the knee: Findings from a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"51","author":"Woolacott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-019-0029-4","article-title":"Correlation of knee ultrasonography and Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index in primary knee osteoarthritis","volume":"50","author":"Seifeldein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J. Radiol. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, L.-W., Shen, J.-H., Lin, H.-T., Yang, Y.-T., and Hu, W.-P. (2021). A Study on the influence of number\/distribution of sensing points of the smart insoles on the center of pressure estimation for the internet of things applications. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052934"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-017-0201-x","article-title":"Lateral wedges with and without custom arch support for people with medial knee osteoarthritis and pronated feet: An exploratory randomized crossover study","volume":"10","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, V., Machado, L., Vila\u00e7a, A., Xar\u00e1-Leite, F., and Roriz, P. (2022). Can slight variations to lateral wedge insoles induce significant biomechanical changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis?. Biomechanics, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics2030027"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.164","article-title":"Ankle motion influences the external knee adduction moment and may predict who will respond to lateral wedge insoles? An ancillary analysis from the SILK trial","volume":"23","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.09.016","article-title":"Lateral wedge insoles for people with medial knee osteoarthritis: One size fits all, some or none?","volume":"24","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammarullah, M.I., Santoso, G., Sugiharto, S., Supriyono, T., Wibowo, D.B., Kurdi, O., Tauviqirrahman, M., and Jamari, J. (2022). Minimizing Risk of failure from ceramic-on-ceramic total hip prosthesis by selecting ceramic materials based on tresca stress. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013413"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8985690","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8985690","article-title":"Studying maximum plantar stress per insole design using foot CT-scan images of hyperelastic soft tissues","volume":"2016","author":"Sarikhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:43Z","timestamp":1760147263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]}}}