{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:53:24Z","timestamp":1782323604321,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key project of National Defense Foundation Enhancement Technology Fund","award":["2021-JCJQ-JJ-0176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-JCJQ-JJ-0176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The applications of sensors in the aerospace industry are mostly concentrated in the middle and high frequencies, and low-frequency sensors often face the problems of low power and short working bandwidth. A lightweight, thin, high-power, low-frequency broadband transducer based on giant magnetostrictive material is designed. The design and optimization processes of the core components are introduced and analyzed emphatically. The finite element simulation results are validated by the PSV-100 laser vibration meter. Three basic configurations of the work panel are proposed, and the optimal configuration is determined by modal, acoustic, and vibration coupling analyses. Compared with the original configuration, it is found that the lowest resonant frequency of the optimal configuration is reduced by 24.6% and the highest resonant frequency within 2000 Hz is 1744.9 Hz, which is 54.2% higher than that of the original configuration. This greatly improves the vibration power and operating frequency range of the transducer. Then, the honeycomb structure is innovatively applied to the work panel, and it is verified that the honeycomb structure has a great effect on the vibration performance of the work panel. By optimizing the size of the honeycomb structure, it is determined that the honeycomb structure can improve the vibration power of the work panel to its maximum value when the distance between the half-opposite sides of the hexagon is H = 3.5 mm. It can reduce the resonant frequency of the work panel; the lowest resonant frequency is reduced by 12.8%. At the same time, the application of a honeycomb panel structure can reduce the weight of the transducer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1671759733000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design and Optimization of High-Power and Low-Frequency Broadband Transducer with Giant Magnetostrictive Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/15376490600793787","article-title":"Preface: Smart composites","volume":"13","author":"Benjeddou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125026","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa973e","article-title":"Impact source localisation in aerospace composite structures","volume":"26","author":"Ciampa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X211027954","article-title":"Smart materials in architecture for actuator and sensor applications: A review","volume":"33","author":"Sobczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Jiang, Y., and Thomas, P.J. (2021). Structural Design and Physical Mechanism of Axial and Radial Sandwich Resonators with Piezoelectric Ceramics: A Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041112"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19237","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3204719","article-title":"Mechanical Modeling and Numerical Investigation of Earthquake-Induced Structural Vibration Self-Powered Sensing Device","volume":"22","author":"Almomani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X15585896","article-title":"A review of active vibration and noise suppression of plate-like structures with piezoelectric transducers","volume":"26","author":"Aridogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012080","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1407\/1\/012080","article-title":"Integration and Characterisation of Piezoelectric Macro-Fibre Composite on Carbon Fibre Composite for Vibration Energy Harvesting","volume":"1407","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012138","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1626\/1\/012138","article-title":"Development of a High-precision Digital Display Torque Wrench","volume":"1626","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan, R., Rojas-Nastrucci, E., and Kim, D. (2021). Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Flexible Piezocomposite Strain Sensor. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11121576"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-020-00690-5","article-title":"A Mode-Switchable Guided Elastic Wave Transducer","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qing, X., Li, W., Wang, Y., and Sun, H. (2019). Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Structural Health Monitoring for Aircraft Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030545"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085016","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa7168","article-title":"On-line crack prognosis in attachment lug using Lamb wave-deterministic resampling particle filter-based method","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Zhang, W., Han, L., Liu, X., and Hu, W. (2022). Application of Sensor Path Weighting RAPID Algorithm on Pitting Corrosion Monitoring of Aluminum Plate. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113887"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.116332","article-title":"Ultra-broadband natural frequency using automatic resonance tuning of energy harvester and deep learning algorithms","volume":"272","author":"Kouritem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107827","article-title":"Properties of PMN-PT single crystal piezoelectric material and its application in underwater acoustic transducer","volume":"175","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X19891534","article-title":"A nonlinear ultrasonic method for real-time bolt looseness monitoring using PZT transducer\u2013enabled vibro-acoustic modulation","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107290","article-title":"An implantable biomechanical energy harvester for animal monitoring devices","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2022.169979","article-title":"Temperature characterization of magnetic and elastic parameters of TFD giant magnetostrictive materials","volume":"563","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59468","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA05195B","article-title":"Hysteresis nonlinearity modeling and position control for a precision positioning stage based on a giant magnetostrictive actuator","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Chen, Y., Li, W., Sun, J., Li, J., and Wang, K. (2022). Design of Longitudinal-Bending Coupled Horn of a Giant Magnetostriction Transducer. Actuators, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/act11040110"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.01.047","article-title":"Study on the rare-earth giant magnetostrictive actuator based on experimental and theoretical analysis","volume":"460","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"580","article-title":"Size-dependent in vibration analysis of magnetostrictive sandwich composite micro-plate in magnetic field using modified couple stress theory","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sandw. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2891118","article-title":"Magnetostrictive Energy Harvesting: Materials and Design Study","volume":"55","author":"Backman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toutsop, B., Ducharne, B., Lallart, M., Morel, L., and Tsafack, P. (2022). Characterization of Tensile Stress-Dependent Directional Magnetic Incremental Permeability in Iron-Cobalt Magnetic Sheet: Towards Internal Stress Estimation through Non-Destructive Testing. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166296"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18535","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3086991","article-title":"Optimization of High Precision Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Sensor","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12237","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3174353","article-title":"A Flexible Thin-Film Magnetostrictive Patch Guided-Wave Transducer for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2899537","article-title":"Magnetostrictive Sensors for Composite Damage Detection and Wireless Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/903\/1\/012010","article-title":"Magnetostrictive Materials for aerospace applications","volume":"903","author":"Reiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Shi, W., Thomas, P., and Yang, M. (2019). Design and Analysis of Two Piezoelectric Cymbal Transducers with Metal Ring and Add Mass. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010137"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coatney, M., Hall, A., Haile, M., Bradley, N., Yoo, J.H., Williams, B., and Myers, O. (2019). Nondestructive damage detection of a magentostricive composite structure. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, Springer New York LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95510-0_10"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, L., and Domenjoud, M. (2021). Anhysteretic Magneto-Elastic Behaviour of Terfenol-D: Experiments, Multiscale Modelling and Analytical Formulas. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185165"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133063","article-title":"Structure, magnetostriction and elastic properties of an Fe3Ga0.7Cu0.3 alloy","volume":"327","author":"Milyutin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.06.079","article-title":"A nonlinear magneto-mechanical-thermal-electric coupling model of Terfenol-D\/PZT\/Terfenol-D and Ni\/PZT\/Ni laminates","volume":"466","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LMAG.2019.2957247","article-title":"Strain and Vibration Sensor Based on Inverse Magnetostriction of Amorphous Magnetostrictive Films","volume":"10","author":"Hashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Magn. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.12.031","article-title":"A giant magnetostrictive rotary actuator: Design, analysis and experimentation","volume":"287","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125213","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0057715","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of the piezomagnetic, electromagnetic, and magnetostrictive effects in a magnetostrictive transducer","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aip Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.11.024","article-title":"An experimental validation of a new shape optimization technique for piezoelectric harvesting cantilever beams","volume":"60","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/1461348418756024","article-title":"Analytical model for flexural damping responses of CFRP cantilever beams in the low-frequency vibration","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636220982468","article-title":"Vibro-acoustical responses of a sandwich panel consist of aluminum honeycomb core and fabric-reinforced graphite facings","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sandw. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110308","article-title":"Free vibration analysis of cylindrical honeycomb sandwich panels using state-space Levy method","volume":"182","author":"Razgordanisharahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:21Z","timestamp":1760147301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]}}}