{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:18:41Z","timestamp":1772151521968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences","award":["XH21050Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21050Y"]}]},{"name":"Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences","award":["2019YFC1509503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509503"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XH21050Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21050Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1509503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The self-noise level of a seismometer can determine the performance of the seismic instrument and limit the ability to use seismic data to solve geoscience problems. Accurately measuring and simultaneously comparing the self-noise models from different types of seismometers has long been a challenging task due to the constraints of observation conditions. In this paper, the self-noise power spectral density (PSD) values of nine types of seismometers are calculated using four months of continuous seismic waveforms from Malingshan seismic station, China, and nine self-noise models are obtained based on the probability density function (PDF) representation. For the seismometer STS-2.5, the self-noise levels on the horizontal channels (E\u2013W and N\u2013S) are significantly higher than that on the vertical channel (U\u2013D) in the microseism band (0.1 Hz to 1 Hz), which is a computing bias caused by the misalignment between the sensors in the horizontal direction, while the remarkably elevated noise on the horizontal channels at the low frequencies (&lt;0.6 Hz) may originate from the local variation of atmospheric pressure. As for the very broadband seismometers Trillium-Horizon-120 and Trillium-120PA, and the ultra-broadband seismometers Trillium-Horizon-360 and CMG-3T-360, there is a trade-off between the microseism band range and low-frequency range in the PSD curves of the vertical channel. When the level of self-noise in the microseism band is high, the self-noise at low frequencies is relatively low. Although compared with the other very broadband seismometers, the self-noise level of the vertical component of the STS-2.5 is 3 dB to 4 dB lower at frequencies less than 1 Hz, the self-noise level of the STS-2.5 at high frequencies (&gt;2 Hz) is slightly higher than others. From our observations, we conclude that the nine seismometers cannot reach the lowest noise level in all frequency bands within the working range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1671759733000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Research on Self-Noise Characteristics of Nine Types of Seismometers Obtained by PDF Representation Using Continuous Seismic Data from the Malingshan Seismic Station, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaogang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108339","article-title":"High resolution surface wave tomography from ambient seismic noise","volume":"307","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1785\/0120180061","article-title":"Shallow Ambient-Noise 3D Tomography in the Concepci\u00f3n Basin, Chile: Implications for Low-Frequency Ground Motions","volume":"109","author":"Inzunza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. 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