{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:38:09Z","timestamp":1773290289793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund of China","award":["61803286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61803286"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the production process of high-voltage coils, a constant tension control system is designed to improve the quality of the transformer. The system is composed of a controller, execution structure, detection structure, etc. The active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), optimized by the Smith predictor (SP), is adopted to achieve constant tension control. The experiment results show that the tension control system based on the SP-ADRC has higher control accuracy, shorter stabilization time and stronger anti-interference ability compared with the traditional PID algorithm. The actual experiment shows that the constant tension control system of the high-voltage coil winding machine based on SP-ADRC has a superior control effect and high practical value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1672109591000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Constant Tension Control System of High-Voltage Coil Winding Machine Based on Smith Predictor-Optimized Active Disturbance Rejection Control Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuming","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}]},{"given":"Baocheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}]},{"given":"Yanduo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Literature and Media, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10948-020-05539-6","article-title":"Survey on High-Temperature Superconducting Transformer Windings Design","volume":"33","author":"Moradnouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Supercond. Nov. Magn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.02.024","article-title":"Lightning impulse voltage distribution over voltage transformer windings \u2014 Simulation and measurement","volume":"147","author":"Trkulja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.07.024","article-title":"Transformer winding fault detection by vibration analysis methods","volume":"114","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1515\/msr-2018-0023","article-title":"Frequency and time fault diagnosis methods of power transformers","volume":"18","author":"Gutten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2520","article-title":"Search Coil based Online Diagnostics of Transformer Internal Faults","volume":"32","author":"Venikar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapiawala, G., and Mishra, R.K. (2016, January 19\u201321). Comprehensive modeling of dry type foil winding transformer to analyse inter turn insulation under lightning impulse voltage. Proceedings of the 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NPSC.2016.7858909"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1019\/1\/012024","article-title":"Development of impulse method for transformer winding condition control technology","volume":"1019","author":"Mytnikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2014.004591","article-title":"Improved power transformer winding fault detection using FRA diagnostics\u2014Part 1: Axial displacement simulation","volume":"22","author":"Hashemnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawood, K., and Komurgoz, G. (2019, January 12\u201315). Effect of the Tap Winding Configurations on the Leakage Reactance of the Concentric Transformer Coils. Proceedings of the 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Nevsehir, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/GPECOM.2019.8778565"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3076835","article-title":"Transformer Winding Faults Detection Based on Time Series Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106324","article-title":"The actual measurement and analysis of transformer winding deformation fault degrees by FRA using mathematical indicators","volume":"184","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3105932","article-title":"Turn-to-Turn Short Circuit Fault Localization in Transformer Winding via Image Processing and Deep Learning Method","volume":"18","author":"Moradzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106890","article-title":"Application of Statistical Control Charts to Discriminate Transformer Winding Defects","volume":"191","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-7412-8","article-title":"Study of wire tension control system based on closed loop PID control in HS-WEDM","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2018.05.001","article-title":"A high-precision constant wire tension control system for improving workpiece surface quality and geometric accuracy in WEDM","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102795","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2997340","article-title":"Dynamics Modeling and Tension Control of Composites Winding System Based on ASMC","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2878709","article-title":"Control Strategy for Smooth Wire Sending and Constant Tension in Multi-Wire Slicer","volume":"15","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of Automatic Control System for Constant Tension and Linear Speed of Rewinder Machine","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, F., Wang, S., and Wang, C. (2018, January 25\u201327). Inhibition of Tension Vibration for Winding Tension Control System. Proceedings of the 37th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2018.8482580"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"95068","article-title":"Design and Analysis of Tension Control System for Transformer Insulation Layer Winding","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"236","article-title":"The invariance principle in disturbance rejection control","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Equivalence among flat filters, dirty derivative-based PID controllers, ADRC, and integral reconstructor-based sliding mode control","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.11.002","article-title":"Tuning of Smith predictor based generalized ADRC for time-delayed processes via IMC","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba, D., Chen, G., Li, P., An, K., and Liu, X. (2022). Fuzzy Smith predictor\u2013based active disturbance rejection controller for time-delay systems with application to drilling stick\u2013slip vibration control. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part I J. Syst. Control. Eng., 09596518221134136.","DOI":"10.1177\/09596518221134136"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-017-9403-x","article-title":"On comparison of modified ADRCs for nonlinear uncertain systems with time delay","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11768-021-00032-4","article-title":"On transitioning from PID to ADRC in thermal power plants","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Control Theory Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safiullah, S., Rahman, A., Aftab, M.A., and Hussain, S.S. (2022, January 2\u20135). Performance study of ADRC and PID for concurrent Frequency-Voltage Control of Electric Vehicle Incorporated Hybrid Power System. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy, Trivandrum, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGRE52268.2022.9715937"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yun, Z., Wang, L., and Wang, J. (2018, January 5\u20138). The Temperature Control of Blackbody Radiation Source Based on ADRC. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2018.8484551"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elameen, M.H.E., Li, J., Zhang, B., and Tan, W. (2019, January 27\u201330). Active disturbance rejection control design and analysis for first-order plus time delay systems. Proceedings of the 2019 Chinese Control Conference, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2019.8865719"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Wu, W., and Zhang, Y. (2019, January 27\u201330). High-order LTD Based Predictive LADRC for Uncertain Systems with Time Delay. Proceedings of the 2019 Chinese Control Conference, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2019.8866097"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2015.08.002","article-title":"On oscillation reduction in feedback control for processes with an uncertain dead time and internal\u2013external disturbances","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2020.10.017","article-title":"Analysis and tuning of reduced-order active disturbance rejection control","volume":"358","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:10Z","timestamp":1760147350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]}}}