{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:08:27Z","timestamp":1768705707119,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003565","name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22NSPS-C149866-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSPS-C149866-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003565","name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK21 FOUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK21 FOUR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["22NSPS-C149866-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSPS-C149866-05"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["BK21 FOUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK21 FOUR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an era of high penetration of renewable energy, accurate photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is crucial for balancing and scheduling power systems. However, PV power output has uncertainty since it depends on stochastic weather conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel short-term PV forecasting technique using Delaunay triangulation, of which the vertices are three weather stations that enclose a target PV site. By leveraging a Transformer encoder and gated recurrent unit (GRU), the proposed TransGRU model is robust against weather forecast error as it learns feature representation from weather data. We construct a framework based on Delaunay triangulation and TransGRU and verify that the proposed framework shows a 7\u201315% improvement compared to other state-of-the-art methods in terms of the normalized mean absolute error. Moreover, we investigate the effect of PV aggregation for virtual power plants where errors can be compensated across PV sites. Our framework demonstrates 41\u201360% improvement when PV sites are aggregated and achieves as low as 3\u20134% of forecasting error on average.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1672109591000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["DTTrans: PV Power Forecasting Using Delaunay Triangulation and TransGRU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keunju","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeik","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hee","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Power Distribution Laboratory, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon 34056, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Chul","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Power Distribution Laboratory, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon 34056, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Solar Council (2022, August 24). 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