{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:30:19Z","timestamp":1773181819579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"]}]},{"name":"EU Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["864579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864579"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["864579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864579"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["864579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864579"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RETOS-COLABORACION RTC-2017-6782-3"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128941OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["864579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Power-quality events and operation transients in power systems (PS) with isolated neutral can saturate inductive voltage transformers (IVT), which, when interacting with the overhead and underground cable capacitances, can cause ferroresonance events in the local PS. This abnormal operating mode can partially or totally damage the transformers and switchgears within the affected PS. Distribution system operators (DSO) can minimize these effects by detecting ferroresonance events accurately and fast enough and changing the mode of operation accordingly. Direct detection methods, i.e., based on voltage measurements, are reliable, but the massive deployment of this solution is relatively expensive; i.e., power quality analyzers cost thousands of USD. Alternatively, indirect detection methods are also available, e.g., IVT vibration measurements with accelerometers costing hundreds of USD, but their reliability depends on the installation method used. This manuscript proposes using the acoustic noise caused by magnetostriction forces within the IVT core during ferroresonance events to detect their occurrence. Compared to other indirect methods, electret condenser microphones with preamplifying stage cost less than USD 10 and are less sensitive to the installation procedure. The proposed method is validated experimentally, and its performance compared to IVT vibration measurements one by using the same detection methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1672110211000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acoustic Noise-Based Detection of Ferroresonance Events in Isolated Neutral Power Systems with Inductive Voltage Transformers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6045-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9014-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Pigazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6886-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Manana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Bayona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electromec\u00e1nica, Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s\/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3200-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Azcondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas y Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-6187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Laso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s\/n, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-0615(95)00045-R","article-title":"Series ferroresonance in power systems","volume":"17","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ferracci, P. (2022, November 28). Ferroresonance. Techreport 190. 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