{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:39:43Z","timestamp":1760233183364,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFF1200600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1200600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a wide dynamic range (DR) and high-resolution discrete-time (DT) 2-order 4-bit sigma-delta modulator with a novel dynamic-modulated scaling-down (DM-SD) technology for non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition. The DM-SD technology can expand the input dynamic range and suppress large input offsets at the same time. The modulator was designed with 180nm CMOS technology with an area of 0.49 mm2. We achieve a 118.1 dB SNDR when the input signal is 437.5 Hz and the signal bandwidth is 1500 Hz. Due to the proposed DM-SD technology, the DR is expanded to 126 dB. The power consumption of the whole modulator is 1.6 mW and a 177.8 dB Schreier figure-of-merit (FoMs) is realized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1672110211000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Wide Dynamic Range Sigma-Delta Modulator for EEG Acquisition Using Randomized DWA and Dynamic-Modulated Scaling-Down Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongchun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5628-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4653-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center of Healthcare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2021.3052811","article-title":"EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): A survey of recent studies on signal sensing technologies and computational intelligence approaches and their applications","volume":"18","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. 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