{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:40:31Z","timestamp":1760233231588,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271167","62171163","61831002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271167","62171163","61831002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multicarrier scheme that uses different types of guard intervals such as cyclic prefix (CP) and known symbol padding (KSP) (zero padding (ZP), unique word (UW), etc.) in block formation. Among these guard intervals, CP varies for each block, while other guard intervals remain fixed from block to block. These guard intervals efficiently perform channel estimation, synchronization and remove inter-block interference (IBI); nevertheless, none of the existing schemes develop any relationship between the guard interval (sequence) and the data symbols on different subcarriers of the OFDM block. We present a new idea of selecting the guard interval based on the data symbols of a subset of subcarriers in the block and exploit the high auto-correlation of the selected guard sequence to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The results based on a fair comparison show that our enhanced orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (eOFDM) scheme inherits significant improvements in BER and the capacity of a multicarrier system as compared to the existing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1672110211000},"page":"217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["BER Reduction and Capacity Enhancement with Novel Guard Sequence Selection for Multi-Carrier Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Ologun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaochuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raza Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, HITEC University, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohaib Bin","family":"Altaf Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6511-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moustafa M.","family":"Nasralla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Gomes, M., Silva, V., Dinis, R., Silva, A., and Castanheira, D. (2020). A survey of candidate waveforms for beyond 5G systems. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10010021"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2924249","article-title":"Bridging the Gap Between CP-OFDM and ZP-OFDM for the Provision of Ultra-Low Latency Services in 5G","volume":"14","author":"Ayadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mara\u015f, M., Ayvaz, E.N., G\u00f6me\u00e7, M., Sava\u015fc\u0131habe\u015f, A., and \u00d6zen, A. (2021). A novel GFDM waveform design based on cascaded WHT-LWT transform for the beyond 5G wireless communications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051831"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67512","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031234","article-title":"A survey on beyond 5G network with the advent of 6G: Architecture and emerging technologies","volume":"9","author":"Dogra","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rajatheva, N., Atzeni, I., Bicais, S., Bjornson, E., Bourdoux, A., Buzzi, S., D\u2019Andrea, C., Dore, J.B., Erkucuk, S., and Fuentes, M. (2020). Scoring the terabit\/s goal: Broadband connectivity in 6G. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3921","article-title":"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation for doubling the spectral efficiency of 6G and beyond networks","volume":"31","author":"Hamamreh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3091806","article-title":"Optimized waveforms for 5G\u20136G communication with sensing: Theory, simulations and experiments","volume":"20","author":"Liyanaarachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.071812.110019","article-title":"Iterative decision-directed joint frequency offset and channel estimation for KSP-OFDM","volume":"60","author":"Steendam","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2050588","article-title":"Near optimal iterative channel estimation for KSP-OFDM","volume":"58","author":"Steendam","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2007.891835","article-title":"Technical review on Chinese digital terrestrial television broadcasting standard and measurements on some working modes","volume":"53","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2002.806518","article-title":"Cyclic prefixing or zero padding for wireless multicarrier transmissions?","volume":"50","author":"Muquet","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3048231","article-title":"Maximum Likelihood Time Synchronization for Zero-Padded OFDM","volume":"69","author":"Roshandeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dokhanchi, S.H., Barreto, A.N., and Fettweis, G. (2022, January 9\u201310). A half-duplex joint communications and sensing system using ZP-OFDM. Proceedings of the 2022 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Joint Communications & Sensing (JC&S), Seefeld, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/JCS54387.2022.9743497"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Huemer, M., Hofbauer, C., and Huber, J.B. (2022, October 21). The Potential of Unique Words in OFDM. Available online: https:\/\/ubdocs.aau.at\/open\/voll\/fodok\/inf\/AC08250038.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3025730","article-title":"On the inclusion and utilization of pilot tones in unique word OFDM","volume":"68","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"12","article-title":"TDS-OFDM based Digital Television Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting Standards","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"SET Int. J. Broadcast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.24425\/123542","article-title":"Damped Zero-Pseudorandom Noise OFDM Systems","volume":"64","author":"Esmaiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6211500","article-title":"Next-generation digital television terrestrial broadcasting systems: Key technologies and research trends","volume":"50","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3174597","article-title":"Closed-Form Expression for BER of CP-OFDM Systems over an Underwater Acoustic Channel with Statistical Characterization","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6867","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3077762","article-title":"Frequency-domain signal processing for spectrally-enhanced CP-OFDM waveforms in 5G New Radio","volume":"20","author":"Loulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2019-0307","article-title":"Spectral encapsulation of OFDM systems based on orthogonalization for short packet transmission","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8123","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2874228","article-title":"Channel estimation for TDS-OFDM systems in rapidly time-varying mobile channels","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2005.1510485","article-title":"On channel estimation and equalization in TDS-OFDM based terrestrial HDTV broadcasting system","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2014.2312811","article-title":"DVB-T2: The second generation of terrestrial digital video broadcasting system","volume":"60","author":"Eizmendi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, L., Wang, J., Zhao, T., and Cheng, Z. (2021). A Joint Low-Rank and Sparse Method for Reference Signal Purification in DTMB-Based Passive Bistatic Radar. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113607"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2014.2378611","article-title":"A new equalizer in doubly selective channels for TDS-OFDM","volume":"61","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2537328","article-title":"Theoretical performance evaluation and optimization of UW-OFDM","volume":"64","author":"Steendam","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2839624","article-title":"OFDM with subcarrier number modulation","volume":"7","author":"Jaradat","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3117844","article-title":"Filter Bank Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55042","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982088","article-title":"OFDM with hybrid number and index modulation","volume":"8","author":"Jaradat","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Proakis, J.G., and Salehi, M. (2008). Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufvesson, F., Edfors, O., and Faulkner, M. (1999, January 19\u201322). Time and frequency synchronization for OFDM using PN-sequence preambles. Proceedings of the Gateway to 21st Century Communications Village. VTC 1999-Fall. IEEE VTS 50th Vehicular Technology Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.1999.797329"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2759092","article-title":"Preamble sequence design for spectral compactness and initial synchronization in OFDM","volume":"67","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEE.2014.00001","article-title":"Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems","volume":"25","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2010.05.090091","article-title":"Noncoherent frame synchronization","volume":"58","author":"Chiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.120460","article-title":"Efficient acquisition algorithm for long pseudorandom sequence","volume":"50","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2282920","article-title":"Spectrum-and energy-efficient OFDM based on simultaneous multi-channel reconstruction","volume":"61","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeruchim, M.C., Balaban, P., and Shanmugan, K.S. (2000). Simulation of Communication Systems, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/b117713"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/217\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:50:56Z","timestamp":1760147456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010217","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]}}}