{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:42:24Z","timestamp":1760233344961,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Open Fund of Millimeter Waves","award":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12004325","BK20210076","K202105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerical investigations were conducted of the plasmonically induced transparency (PIT) effect observed in a metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal waveguide coupled to asymmetric three-rectangle resonators, wherein, of the two PIT peaks that were generated, one PIT peak fell while the other PIT peak rose. PIT has been widely studied due to its sensing, slow light, and nonlinear effects, and it has a high potential for use in optical communication systems. To gain a better understanding of the PIT effect in multi-rectangle resonators, its corresponding properties, effects, and performance were numerically investigated based on PIT peak fluctuations. By modifying geometric parameters and filling dielectrics, we not only realized the off-to-on PIT optical response within single or double peaks but also obtained the peak fluctuation. Furthermore, our findings were found to be consistent with those of finite element simulations. These proposed structures have wide potential for use in sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:05:56Z","timestamp":1672110356000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fluctuation of Plasmonically Induced Transparency Peaks within Multi-Rectangle Resonators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2019.113798","article-title":"Plasmonic sensors based on Metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review","volume":"117","author":"Kazanskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica E"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01937","article-title":"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics","volume":"424","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05350","article-title":"Light in tiny holes","volume":"445","author":"Genet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.47","article-title":"Electrical detection of confined gap plasmons in metal-insulator-metal waveguides","volume":"3","author":"Neutens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-0085-1","article-title":"Plasmonic-Induced Transparency and Slow-Light Effect Based on Stub Waveguide with Nanodisk Resonator","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/5.104225","article-title":"Couple-mode theory","volume":"79","author":"Haus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-017-0551-z","article-title":"Tunable plasmon-induced transparency effect in MIM side-coupled isosceles trapezoid cavities system","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2015.1041432","article-title":"Plasmonic tunable filter based on trapezoid resonator waveguide","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123006","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4902506","article-title":"Plasmonic-induced transparency of unsymmetrical grooves shaped metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal waveguide","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.3019114","article-title":"CMOS-compatible silicon photonic sensor for refractive index sensing using local back-side release","volume":"32","author":"Steglich","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2019.0388","article-title":"Band-stop filter based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"45","article-title":"Surface plasmon polaritons in plasma-dielectric-magnetic plasma structure","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasma Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078719000564","article-title":"A low insertion loss low-pass filter based on single comb-shaped spoof surface plasmon polaritons","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.426787","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive silicon temperature sensor based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers","volume":"46","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S.H., Shen, Z.X., Kang, R.Y., Ge, S.J., and Hu, W. (2018). Liquid crystal tunable dielectric metamaterial absorber in the terahertz range. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112211"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.08.039","article-title":"A T-shaped high resolution plasmonic demultiplexer based on perturbations of two nanoresonators","volume":"334","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016205","DOI":"10.1088\/1555-6611\/ab5578","article-title":"A plasmonic colour filter and refractive index sensor applications based on metal-insulator-metal square micro-ring cavities","volume":"30","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19535","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06467","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanosensors with Extraordinary Sensitivity to Molecularly Enantioselective Recognition at Nanoscale Interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15579","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CP01553F","article-title":"Highly efficient metalloporphyrin-based nanosensors for NO detection","volume":"24","author":"Ostovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.168062","article-title":"Design of surface plasmon resonance based both side polished photonic crystal fiber for highly efficient refractive index sensor","volume":"248","author":"Ramani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125614","article-title":"A nanosensor with ultra-high FOM based on tunable malleable multiple Fano resonances in a waveguide coupled isosceles triangular resonator","volume":"465","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optic. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.425126","article-title":"Dual-band electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) terahertz metamaterial sensor","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070907","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac748f","article-title":"Multi-band propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons by its high-order modes","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.102833","article-title":"A high figure of merit refractive index sensor based on Fano resonance in all-dielectric metasurface","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126563","article-title":"Fano resonance in a MIM waveguide with double symmetric rectangular stubs and its sensing characteristics","volume":"482","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.J., Yang, J.B., He, X., Zhang, J.J., Huang, J., Chen, D.B., and Han, Y.X. (2018). Plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on concentric-rings resonator. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010116"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR09192G","article-title":"Polychromatic and polarized multilevel optical data storage","volume":"11","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.448334","article-title":"Quantum fidelity of electromagnetically induced transparency: The full quantum theory","volume":"30","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015507","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/abca5b","article-title":"Band-stop filter based on tunable Fano resonance and electromagnetically induced transparency in metal-dielectric-metal waveguide coupling systems","volume":"96","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0218-1","article-title":"Tunable Plasmonically Induced Transparency with Asymmetric Multi-rectangle Resonators","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31781","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.405348","article-title":"Tunable dual plasmon-induced transparency based on a monolayer graphene metamaterial and its terahertz sensing performance","volume":"28","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.34.000207","article-title":"Guidelines for designing 2D and 3D plasmonic stub resonators","volume":"34","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-016-0638-y","article-title":"Plasmonic-induced transparency in a MIM waveguide with two side-coupled cavities","volume":"123","author":"Noual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036201","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/1\/3\/036201","article-title":"Plasmon induced transparency in metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal waveguide by a stub coupled with FP resonator","volume":"1","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095503","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ac86ad","article-title":"Dual-wavelength active and tunable modulation at telecommunication wavelengths using graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial based on plasmon induced transparency","volume":"12","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1021\/nl103070n","article-title":"Optical forces in hybrid plasmonic waveguides","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181108","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0123268","article-title":"Dynamically controllable plasmonic tweezers using C-shaped nano-engravings","volume":"121","author":"Mohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-011-0051-2","article-title":"Review of surface plasmon resonance and localized surface plasmon resonance sensor","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002874","article-title":"Tooth-shaped plasmonic waveguide filters with nanometeric sizes","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.168795","article-title":"All-optical terahertz logic gates based on coupled surface plasmon polariton sub-wavelength waveguiding in bulk Dirac semimetal","volume":"257","author":"Blessan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aae672","article-title":"Dual-band electromagnetically induced transparency based on electric dipole-quadrupole coupling in metamaterials","volume":"52","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2364251","article-title":"A nanoscale refractive index sensor based on asymmetric plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator: A review","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37980","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.464767","article-title":"Generalized temporal coupled-mode theory for a P T-symmetric optical resonator and Fano resonance in a P T-symmetric photonic heterostructure","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, S.N., Song, C., Xia, X.S., Liang, X.Y., Tang, B.J., Hu, Z.D., and Wang, J.C. (2016). Detuned plasmonic Bragg grating sensor based on defect metal-insulator-metal waveguide. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060784"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.001841","article-title":"Silicon optical filter with transmission peaks in wide stopband obtained by anti-symmetric photonic crystal with defect in multimode waveguides","volume":"26","author":"Mendez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"605","article-title":"Two-dimensional equivalent Model design of surface acoustic wave devices based on COMSOL","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Piezoelectr. Acoustooptics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003251","article-title":"Plasmon-induced transparency with detuned ultracompact Fabry-Perot resonators in integrated plasmonic devices","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032202","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.8.032202","article-title":"Plasmonic induced transparency and unidirectional control based on the waveguide structure with quadrant ring resonators","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:18Z","timestamp":1760147478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]}}}