{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T01:04:37Z","timestamp":1762391077222,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSFC normal grant","award":["61974128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61974128"]}]},{"name":"Center of Pathogen Detection in the Dynamic Research Enterprise for Multidisciplinary Engineering Sciences (DREMES)","award":["61974128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61974128"]}]},{"name":"Cyrus Tang Foundation","award":["61974128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61974128"]}]},{"name":"Baxter Inc.","award":["61974128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61974128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time monitoring of drug delivery in an intravenous infusion system can prevent injury caused by improper drug doses. As the medicine must be administered into the vein at different rates and doses in different people, an ideal intravenous infusion system requires both a low flow rate and large dynamic range monitoring. In this study, a bio-inspired and micromachined volumetric flow sensor is presented for the biomedical application of an intravenous system. This was realized by integrating two sensing units with different sensitivities on one silicon die to achieve a large dynamic range of the volumetric flow rate. The sensor was coated with a parylene layer for waterproofing and biocompatibility purposes. A new packaging scheme incorporating a silicon die into a flow channel was employed to demonstrate the working prototype. The test results indicate that the sensor can detect a volumetric flow rate as low as 2 mL\/h, and its dynamic range is from 2 mL\/h to 200 mL\/h. The sensor performed better than the other two commercial sensors for low-flow detection. The high sensitivity, low cost, and small size of this flow sensor make it promising for intravenous applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:05:56Z","timestamp":1672110356000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bio-Inspired Micromachined Volumetric Flow Sensor with a Big Dynamic Range for Intravenous Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lansheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"}]},{"given":"Yingchen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}]},{"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Bertos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Prosthetics Orthotics Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Applied Sciences and Technology, Baxter Healthcare Inc., Round Lake, IL 60073, USA"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nour, M.A., and Hussain, M.M. 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