{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:49:53Z","timestamp":1773787793306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51905461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51905461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51975495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51975495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University","award":["51905461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51905461"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University","award":["51975495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51975495"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The precise three-dimensional measurement of fuel nozzles is of great significance to assess the manufacturing accuracy and improve the spray and atomization performance. This paper proposes an improved fast shape from focus (SFF) method for three-dimensional measurement of key features of fuel nozzles. In order to ensure the measurement accuracy and efficiency of the SFF, the dispersion of the measured points from a standard flat plane was used to select the optimal combination of the focus measure operator, window size and sampling step size. In addition, an approximate method for the focus measure interval is proposed to improve the measurement efficiency, which uses the peak region of the central pixel to replace the peak region of other pixels. The results show that the proposed method decreased the average computation time of the focus measure by 79.19% for the cone section and by 38.30% for the swirl slot. Compared with a reference laser scanning microscope, the measurement error in length is within 10 \u03bcm and the error in angle is within a maximum 0.15\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:35:43Z","timestamp":1672115743000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Improved Shape from Focus Method for Measurement of Three-Dimensional Features of Fuel Nozzles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) Guizhou Liyang Aviation Power Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0957650920961616","article-title":"Experimental investigations on atomization characteristics of dual-orifice atomizers part I: Optimization method formation","volume":"235","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. 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