{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:44:15Z","timestamp":1774313055589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-NVA-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NVA-10"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["\u00daNKP-21\u20134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-21\u20134"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKP2021-NVA-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NVA-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00daNKP-21\u20134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-21\u20134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the main challenges of Industry 4.0 is how advanced sensors and sensing technologies can be applied through the Internet of Things layers of existing manufacturing. This is the so-called Brownfield Industry 4.0, where the different types and ages of machines and processes need to be digitalized. Smart retrofitting is the umbrella term for solutions to show how we can digitalize manufacturing machines. This problem is critical in the case of solutions to support human workers. The Operator 4.0 concept shows how we can efficiently support workers on the shop floor. The key indicator is the readiness level of a company, and the main bottleneck is the technical knowledge of the employees. This study proposes an education framework and a related Operator 4.0 laboratory that prepares students for the development and application of Industry 5.0 technologies. The concept of intelligent space is proposed as a basis of the educational framework, which can solve the problem of monitoring the stochastic nature of operators in production processes. The components of the intelligent space are detailed through the layers of the IoT in the form of a case study conducted at the laboratory. The applicability of indoor positioning systems is described with the integration of machine-, operator- and environment-based sensor data to obtain real-time information from the shop floor. The digital twin of the laboratory is developed in a discrete event simulator, which integrates the data from the shop floor and can control the production based on the simulation results. The presented framework can be utilized to design education for the generation of Industry 5.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1672205514000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Demonstration Laboratory of Industry 4.0 Retrofitting and Operator 4.0 Solutions: Education towards Industry 5.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9441-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Ruppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Department of Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, POB 158, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Dar\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Department of Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, POB 158, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5430-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"Medvegy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Development Research Group, Research Centre for Engineering Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, POB 158, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Csereklei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Department of Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, POB 158, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8593-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Abonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Department of Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, POB 158, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.07.040","article-title":"A maturity model for assessing Industry 4.0 readiness and maturity of manufacturing enterprises","volume":"52","author":"Schumacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-09-2018-0284","article-title":"Key ingredients for evaluating Industry 4.0 readiness for organizations: A literature review","volume":"27","author":"Sony","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benchmarking Int. 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