{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:37:38Z","timestamp":1769506658852,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["0.1.2.2-CPVA-K-703-03-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0.1.2.2-CPVA-K-703-03-0015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, new composites based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were ornamented and prepared with hydroxyapatite (HA) and silver nitride (AgNO3). Taking into account the polarity of the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide, this solvent was used to disperse the particles. The aim of using DMSO was to create amorphous phases and the strong dipoles of the C\u2013F bond to reduce the energy barrier and improve the electrical properties. The PVDF played the role of matrix in HA, and AgNO3 was used as reinforcing elements. X-ray diffraction of the samples directly showed the amorphous phase and mixed amorphous and crystalline phases when all three materials were used simultaneously for preparing the composite. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the samples confirmed the role of PVDF, HA, and AgNO3. Furthermore, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed and proved that the HA structure did not change when the ratio of CaP was equal to the ratio of natural HA. The electrical properties were investigated, and the amount of energy ranged from 56.50 to 125.20 mV. The final results showed that a designed device consisting of an active layer made of 0.1 g HA:0.5 g PVDF showed the highest energy barrier, the highest polarity, and surface energy, thus proving its relevance as potential material for energy harvesting applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1672205514000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biocompatible Piezoelectric PVDF\/HA\/AgNO3 Thin Film Prepared by the Solvent Casting Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ieva","family":"Markuniene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzieh","family":"Rabiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohrab","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigita","family":"Urbaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-062X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvydas","family":"Palevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giedrius","family":"Janusas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51373 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104745","article-title":"Study on Influence of Heat Treatment on Interfacial Adhesion of CF\/PI Composites","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.11.101","article-title":"Investigation of Interfacial Structure and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Titanium Alloy Laminated Composites","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126510","article-title":"Rapid Apatite Induction of Polarized Hydrophilic HA\/PVDF Bio-Piezoelectric Coating on Titanium Surface","volume":"405","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.06.084","article-title":"Adhesion Strength Characterization of PVDF\/HA Coating on Cp Ti Surface Modified by Laser Beam Irradiation","volume":"258","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-021-00217-0","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Fundamental Properties and Applications of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/004051756503500318","article-title":"Book Reviews: Thermal Degradation of Organic. Polymers. Sam Uel L. Madorsky. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1964. 309 Pages, $12.50","volume":"35","author":"Tobolsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2015.7116323","article-title":"Energy Harvesting Study on Single and Multilayer Ferroelectret Foams under Compressive Force","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(98)00136-0","article-title":"Phase Transitions during Stretching of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)","volume":"35","author":"Sajkiewicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3585-6","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Deposition Study through Polymeric Process on Commercially Pure Ti Surfaces Modified by Laser Beam Irradiation","volume":"44","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L., Wang, G., Jiang, C., Yu, F., and Zhao, X. (2021). Properties and Applications of Flexible Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-Based Piezoelectric Materials. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11060644"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.122869","article-title":"An Approach towards the Fabrication of Energy Harvesting Device Using Ca-Doped ZnO\/ PVDF-TrFE Composite Film","volume":"205","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE43987A","article-title":"Novel \u201c3-D Spacer\u201d All Fibre Piezoelectric Textiles for Energy Harvesting Applications","volume":"7","author":"Soin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.07.006","article-title":"A New Approach to Improve Antifouling Property of PVDF Membrane Using in Situ Polymerization of PAA Functionalized TiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"380","author":"Madaeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2003.10.020","article-title":"Preparation of Hydrophilic Polyacrylonitrile Blend Membranes for Ultrafiltration","volume":"229","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiei, M., Palevicius, A., Monshi, A., Nasiri, S., Vilkauskas, A., and Janusas, G. (2020). Comparing Methods for Calculating Nano Crystal Size of Natural Hydroxyapatite Using X-Ray Diffraction. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091627"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8580","DOI":"10.1021\/am501428e","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles and Growth Factors Incorporated Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Metallic Implant Surfaces for Enhancement of Osteoinductivity and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33972","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b09457","article-title":"Dopamine Modified Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating for Antimicrobial and Osteogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"9","article-title":"Incorporation of iron into nano hydroxyapatite particles synthesized by the microwave process","volume":"6","author":"Meejoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2009.12.032","article-title":"Influence of Sodium Fluoride on the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite by Gel Method","volume":"312","author":"Kanchana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wang, K., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., and Yu, D.G. (2020). Electrospun Environment Remediation Nanofibers Using Unspinnable Liquids as the Sheath Fluids: A Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010103"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31168","article-title":"Silver-Nanoparticle-Loaded Chitosan Lactate Films with Fair Antibacterial Properties","volume":"115","author":"Tankhiwale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-012-0304-6","article-title":"Conducting Polymer-Silver Composites","volume":"67","author":"Stejskal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, November 27). Corrosion Protection of 316L Stainless Steel by \u2026\u2014Library of Science. Available online: https:\/\/bibliotekanauki.pl\/articles\/2128151."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.700.298","article-title":"The Adsorption Performance of Hybrid PVDF Membrane by HA","volume":"700","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392007000300005","article-title":"Characterization of PVDF\/HAP Composites for Medical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Braga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.782.78","article-title":"Bioactivity Assessment of Apatite Nuclei-PVDF Composite Thin Films","volume":"782","author":"Zamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"727","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Powder by Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Application","volume":"10","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2004.04.011","article-title":"Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Powder","volume":"111","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14774","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3575-9","article-title":"DMSO EVOLTM as Novel Non-Toxic Solvent for Polyethersulfone Membrane Preparation","volume":"26","author":"Marino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC00613E","article-title":"Towards Non-Toxic Solvents for Membrane Preparation: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Figoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46419","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46419","article-title":"Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Flat Sheet Membranes: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects","volume":"135","author":"Enayatzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.04.040","article-title":"Effect of Solvent Type on the Physicochemical Properties and Performance of NLDH\/PVDF Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"184","author":"Khataee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2017.04.004","article-title":"Roles of Ethylene Glycol Solvent and Polymers in Preparing Uniformly Distributed MgO Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Hai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"63","article-title":"Bioactive Organic-Inorganic Composite Monolith Derived from Poly Vinyl Trimethoxy Silane Using Sol- Gel Process","volume":"2","author":"Nasiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15382","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA01267E","article-title":"A Critical Analysis of the a, b and g Phases in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Using FTIR","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6095","DOI":"10.1063\/1.325778","article-title":"Piezoelectric Activity and Field-induced Crystal Structure Transitions in Poled Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films","volume":"50","author":"Newman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01174664","article-title":"XRD Studies on Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)\/Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Composites","volume":"23","author":"Muralidhar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"147","article-title":"Effect of Annealing Process on the Phase Formation in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Thin Films","volume":"1614","author":"Abdullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-011-0187-0","article-title":"Effect of Annealing on Phase Transition in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films Prepared Using Polar Solvent","volume":"34","author":"Satapathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.9790\/4861-0444247","article-title":"Effect of Annealing and Time of Crystallization on Structural and Optical Properties of PVDF Thin Film Using Acetone as Solvent","volume":"4","author":"Bhatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"605","article-title":"Pseudopolymorphism: Occurrences of Hydrogen Bonding Organic Solvents in Molecular Crystals","volume":"7","author":"Nangia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1021\/la001206g","article-title":"The Influence of Preparation Conditions on the Surface Morphology of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films","volume":"17","author":"Benz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.01.011","article-title":"Impact of Nanosilicates on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Crystal Polymorphism: Part 1. Melt-Crystallization at High Supercooling","volume":"51","author":"Alpern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2018.1470840","article-title":"On the Synthesis and Characterization of (Bio)Ferroelectrically Active PVDF-BCP Composites","volume":"533","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiei, M., Palevicius, A., Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, R., Nasiri, S., Vilkauskas, A., and Janusas, G. (2021). New Approach for Preparing In Vitro Bioactive Scaffold Consisted of Ag-Doped Hydroxyapatite + Polyvinyltrimethoxysilane. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111695"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.01.116","article-title":"Rapid Formation of Hydroxyapatite Nanostrips via Microwave Irradiation","volume":"469","author":"Arami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020215","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0044252","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Produced by Direct Precipitation Method: Optimization and Characterization Studies","volume":"2339","author":"Fern","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2014.3224","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Phenyl Hydrazine Sensor Applications","volume":"12","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(02)01140-0","article-title":"Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite at Physiological Temperature","volume":"57","author":"Ashok","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, G.G., Malherbi, M.S., de Souza, N.S., C\u00e9sar, G.B., Tominaga, T.T., Miyahara, R.Y., de Mendon\u00e7a, P.d.S.B., Faria, D.R., Rosso, J.M., and Freitas, V.F. (2022). 4th Generation Biomaterials Based on PVDF-Hydroxyapatite Composites Produced by Electrospinning: Processing and Characterization. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194190"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tandon, B., Kamble, P., Olsson, R.T., Blaker, J.J., and Cartmell, S.H. (2019). Fabrication and Characterisation of Stimuli Responsive Piezoelectric PVDF and Hydroxyapatite-Filled PVDF Fibrous Membranes. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101903"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.20223","article-title":"Conformational Changes and Phase Transformation Mechanisms in PVDF Solution-Cast Films","volume":"42","author":"Salimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"491","article-title":"Piezoelectric Polymers Actuators for Precise Shape Control of Large Scale Space Antennas","volume":"6524","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electroact. Polym. Actuators Devices (EAPAD)"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.175501","article-title":"Polarization Switching of Crystal Structure in the Nonphotochemical Light-Induced Nucleation of Supersaturated Aqueous Glycine Solutions","volume":"89","author":"Garetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31488","article-title":"Influence of the Solvent Evaporation Rate on the Crystalline Phases of Solution-Cast Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films","volume":"116","author":"Chinaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"126","article-title":"Crystallization-Induced Mechanofluorescence for Visualization of Polymer Crystallization","volume":"12","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun. 2021 121"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160613746","article-title":"Molecularly Imprinted Composite Membranes for Selective Detection of 2-Deoxyadenosine in Urine Samples","volume":"16","author":"Scorrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predoi, D., Iconaru, S.L., Predoi, M.V., Motelica-Heino, M., Guegan, R., and Buton, N. (2019). Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Zinc-Doped Hydroxyapatite Colloids and Dispersion Stability Using Ultrasounds. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9040515"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916218","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/916218","article-title":"Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles","volume":"2013","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2021, December 14). Biologically Compatible Lead-Free Piezoelectric Composite for Acoustophoresis Based Particle Manipulation Techniques\u2014Google Search. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Biologically+Compatible+Lead-Free+Piezoelectric+Composite+for+Acoustophoresis+Based+Particle+Manipulation+Techniques&oq=Biologically+Compatible+Lead-Free+Piezoelectric+Composite+for+Acoustophoresis+Based+Particle+Manipulation+Techniques&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61l2.1167j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190590965523","article-title":"Structural Order and Dielectric Behaviour of Hydroxyapatite","volume":"319","author":"Tofail","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2021.111559","article-title":"The Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Photophysical and Mechanical Properties of Copper Iodide (5 Mol%)\u2013Doped Hydroxyapatite","volume":"121","author":"Nasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2215","article-title":"Ferroelectric Polarization in Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Thin Films on Silicon","volume":"3","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"4743","article-title":"Surface Modification and Charge Injection in a Nanocomposite Of Metal Nanoparticles and Semiconductor Oxide Nanostructures","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"173","article-title":"Contact Angle Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials","volume":"3","author":"Giridhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therm. Rheol. Meas. Tech. Nanomater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100232","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.202100232","article-title":"Investigation of the Characteristic of Solution-Processed Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) Film and Its Application on Organic Photovoltaic Cells","volume":"218","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0003-z","article-title":"Surface-Wetting Characterization Using Contact-Angle Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-013-0143-3","article-title":"Influence of Solvent Properties on the Electrical Response of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)\/NaY Composites","volume":"20","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160810","article-title":"Improving Piezoelectric Properties of PVDF Fibers by Compositing with BaTiO3-Ag Particles Prepared by Sol-Gel Method and Photochemical Reaction","volume":"883","author":"Dashtizad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.017","article-title":"The Effect of Preparation Temperature on the Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)\/Silver Nitrate Films","volume":"95","author":"Sedlarik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:57Z","timestamp":1760147577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}