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However, the spectrum used by aerial networks has become gradually crowded with the increase in wireless devices. Space networks are also in dire need of developing new bands to address spectrum shortages. As an effective way to solve the spectrum shortage problem, spectrum sharing between aerial\/space networks and ground networks has been extensively studied. This article summarizes state-of-the-art studies on spectrum sharing between aerial\/space networks and ground networks. First, this article provides an overview of aerial networks and space networks and introduces the main application scenarios of aerial networks and space networks. Then, this article summarizes the spectrum sharing techniques between aerial\/space networks and ground networks, including existing spectrum utilization rules, spectrum sharing modes and key technologies. Finally, we summarize the challenges of spectrum sharing between aerial\/space networks and ground networks. This article provides guidance for spectrum allocation and spectrum sharing of space\u2013air\u2013ground integrated networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:54:42Z","timestamp":1672282482000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spectrum Sharing in the Sky and Space: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Marsfield, NSW 2122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huici","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Lab for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8202","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964280","article-title":"Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"8","author":"Nauman","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2973314","article-title":"The future of healthcare internet of things: A survey of emerging technologies","volume":"22","author":"Qadri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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