{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:16:50Z","timestamp":1768479410037,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2021YFF0603500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021YFF0603500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61971160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61971160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.U22A2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U22A2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2021YFF0603500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021YFF0603500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61971160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61971160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.U22A2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U22A2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents two devices to detect the liquid dielectric characterization. The differential method was used to enhance the robustness and reduce tolerance. A basic sensor based on defected ground structure (DGS) was designed and the optimization for the squares of the DGS via adaptive genetic algorithm was applied to enhance the performance of the microwave sensor, which was shown by the difference of the two resonant frequencies. Furthermore, the electric field distribution was enhanced. Glass microcapillary tubes were used to hold samples to provide an environment of non-invasive. The optimized device exhibited the sensitivity of 0.076, which is more than 1.52 times than the basic structure. It could be considered a sensitive and robust sensor with quick response time for liquid dielectric characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:19:46Z","timestamp":1672370386000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High-Sensitivity Liquid Dielectric Characterization Differential Sensor by 1-Bit Coding DGS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingfang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Luqman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Fanyi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xumin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Kishor Kumar","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, D., Tiwari, N.K., and Akhtar, M.J. 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