{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:14:07Z","timestamp":1773288847043,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G02P16110000511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G02P16110000511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G02P16110000511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G02P16110000511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new control strategy that combines classical control and an optimization scheme to regulate the output voltage of the bidirectional converter under the presence of matched and mismatched disturbances. In detail, a control-oriented modeling method is presented first to capture the system dynamics in a common canonical form, allowing different disturbances to be considered. To estimate and compensate for unknown disturbances, an extended state observer (ESO)-based continuous sliding mode control is then proposed, which can guarantee high tracking precision, fast disturbance rejection, and chattering reduction. Next, an extremum seeking (ES)-based adaptive scheme is introduced to ensure system robustness as well as optimal control effort under different working scenarios. Finally, comparative simulations with classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and constant switching gains are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control methodology through three case studies of load resistance variations, buck\/boost mode switching, and input voltage variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:08:59Z","timestamp":1672628939000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Robust Adaptive Control Strategy for a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Based on Extremum Seeking and Sliding Mode Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1217-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoai-An","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc Giap","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1380-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van-Du","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan-Quoc","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoai-Vu-Anh","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung Kwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-019-0498-2","article-title":"Modeling and Design of High Performance Converters for Optimal Utilization of Interconnected Renewable Energy Resources to Micro Grid with GOLRS Controller","volume":"19","author":"Vadivel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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