{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:25:14Z","timestamp":1783427114772,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines the effect of finger fat pad thickness on the accuracy performance of complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-based microwave sensors for non-invasive blood glucose level detection. For this purpose, a simplified four-layer Cole\u2013Cole model along with a CSRR-based microwave sensor have been comprehensively analyzed and validated through experimentation. Computed scattering parameter (S-parameter) responses to different fat layer thicknesses are employed to verify the concordance of the studied model with the measurement results. In this respect, a figure of merit (FM) based on the normalized squared difference is introduced to assess the accuracy of the considered Cole\u2013Cole model. We have demonstrated that the analyzed model agrees closely with the experimental validation. In fact, the maximum error difference for all five fingertips does not exceed 1.73 dB over the entire frequency range of interest, from 1 GHz to 4 GHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:50:32Z","timestamp":1672631432000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessment of Finger Fat Pad Effect on CSRR-Based Sensor Scattering Parameters for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaouki","family":"Hannachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Mat\u00e9riaux Micro\u00e9lectronique Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), UMR CNRS 7334, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 5 Rue Enrico Fermi, 13453 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Deshours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9nie \u00c9lectrique et \u00c9lectronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR 8507 CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Alquie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9nie \u00c9lectrique et \u00c9lectronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR 8507 CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Kokabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9nie \u00c9lectrique et \u00c9lectronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR 8507 CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L., and Diamond, D. 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