{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:39:02Z","timestamp":1770392342073,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science","award":["PID2019-111100RB-C21 \/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111100RB-C21 \/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science","award":["21S09355-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21S09355-001"]}]},{"name":"Barcelona City Council and Fundaci\u00f3 \u201cla Caixa\u201d","award":["PID2019-111100RB-C21 \/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111100RB-C21 \/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Barcelona City Council and Fundaci\u00f3 \u201cla Caixa\u201d","award":["21S09355-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21S09355-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a fundamental component of intelligent transportation systems in smart cities. With the support of open and real-time data, these networks of inter-connected vehicles constitute an \u2018Internet of vehicles\u2019 with the potential to significantly enhance citizens\u2019 mobility and last-mile delivery in urban, peri-urban, and metropolitan areas. However, the proper coordination and logistics of VANETs raise a number of optimization challenges that need to be solved. After reviewing the state of the art on the concepts of VANET optimization and open data in smart cities, this paper discusses some of the most relevant optimization challenges in this area. Since most of the optimization problems are related to the need for real-time solutions or to the consideration of uncertainty and dynamic environments, the paper also discusses how some VANET challenges can be addressed with the use of agile optimization algorithms and the combination of metaheuristics with simulation and machine learning methods. The paper also offers a numerical analysis that measures the impact of using these optimization techniques in some related problems. Our numerical analysis, based on real data from Open Data Barcelona, demonstrates that the constructive heuristic outperforms the random scenario in the CDP combined with vehicular networks, resulting in maximizing the minimum distance between facilities while meeting capacity requirements with the fewest facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:17:38Z","timestamp":1672633058000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Optimization of Vehicular Networks in Smart Cities: From Agile Optimization to Learnheuristics and Simheuristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Peyman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunication, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Fluechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smurfit Business School, University College Dublin, Blackrock, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Panadero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Management, Euncet Business School, 08225 Terrassa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Serrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatos","family":"Xhafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel A.","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Euncet Business School, 08225 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2019.2941457","article-title":"Empowering citizens\u2019 cognition and decision making in smart sustainable cities","volume":"9","author":"Beneicke","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. 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