{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:12:39Z","timestamp":1778238759518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industrial Disease Clinical Research","award":["200701-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200701-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended a significant reduction in the lens-equivalent radiation dose limit, thus from an average of 150 to 20 mSv\/year over 5 years. In recent years, the occupational dose has been rising with the increased sophistication of interventional radiology (IVR); management of IVR staff radiation doses has become more important, making real-time radiation monitoring of such staff desirable. Recently, the i3 real-time occupational exposure monitoring system (based on RaySafeTM) has replaced the conventional i2 system. Here, we compared the i2 and i3 systems in terms of sensitivity (batch uniformity), tube-voltage dependency, dose linearity, dose-rate dependency, and angle dependency. The sensitivity difference (batch uniformity) was approximately 5%, and the tube-voltage dependency was &lt;\u00b120% between 50 and 110 kV. Dose linearity was good (R2 = 1.00); a slight dose-rate dependency (~20%) was evident at very high dose rates (250 mGy\/h). The i3 dosimeter showed better performance for the lower radiation detection limit compared with the i2 system. The horizontal and vertical angle dependencies of i3 were superior to those of i2. Thus, i3 sensitivity was higher over a wider angle range compared with i2, aiding the measurement of scattered radiation. Unlike the i2 sensor, the influence of backscattered radiation (i.e., radiation from an angle of 180\u00b0) was negligible. Therefore, the i3 system may be more appropriate in areas affected by backscatter. In the future, i3 will facilitate real-time dosimetry and dose management during IVR and other applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T02:33:21Z","timestamp":1672713201000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Evaluation of a New Real-Time Dosimeter Sensor for Interventional Radiology Staff"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kenshin","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5382-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Yasuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Haga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, 4-5 Hirose-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Zuguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Chida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-012-0397-x","article-title":"Importance of a patient dosimetry and clinical followup program in the detection of radiodermatitis after long percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"36","author":"Vano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-008-0044-z","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of a MOSFET dosimeter at diagnostic X-ray energies for interventional radiology","volume":"2","author":"Chida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N12","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac125c","article-title":"Novel pregnant model phantoms for measurement of foetal radiation dose in x-ray examinations","volume":"41","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i4.6231","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the radiation dose and image quality of X-ray equipment used in IVR","volume":"17","author":"Inaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4466","article-title":"Radiation dose to the pediatric cardiac catheterization and intervention patient","volume":"195","author":"Chida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemoto, M., and Chida, K. (2020). Reducing the breast cancer risk and radiation dose of radiography for scoliosis in children: A phantom study. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100753"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1653","article-title":"Relationship between fluoroscopic time, dose\u2014Area product, body weight, and maximum radiation skin dose in cardiac interventional procedures","volume":"186","author":"Chida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, Y., Nakamura, M., Zuguchi, M., and Chida, K. (2020). Development of novel real-time radiation systems using 4-channel sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092741"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109925","article-title":"Development and assessment of an educational application for the proper use of ceiling-suspended radiation shielding screens in angiography rooms using augmented reality technology","volume":"143","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Eguchi, Y., Yamazaki, C., Hino, T., Saida, T., and Chida, K. (2022). Development of a New Radiation Shield for the Face and Neck of IVR Physicians. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080354"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2013). Radiological Protection in Cardiology, ICRP Publication 120; Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/ANIB_42_1."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.09112","article-title":"Radiation dose and radiation protection for patients and physicians during interventional procedure","volume":"51","author":"Chida","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haga, Y., Chida, K., Sota, M., Kaga, Y., Abe, M., Inaba, Y., Suzuki, M., Meguro, T., and Zuguchi, M. (2020). Hybrid operating room system for the treatment of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms: Evaluation of the radiation dose received by patients. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100846"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-022-00660-8","article-title":"What are useful methods to reduce occupational radiation exposure among radiological medical workers, especially for interventional radiology personnel?","volume":"15","author":"Chida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482071800","article-title":"Eye lens exposure to radiation in interventional suites: Caution is warranted","volume":"248","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq286","article-title":"Evaluating the maximum patient radiation dose in cardiac interventional procedures","volume":"143","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq287","article-title":"Comparison of the radiation dose in a cardiac IVR X-ray system","volume":"143","author":"Inaba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2012). ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions\/Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs, Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context, ICRP publication 118 Ann. Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/www.icrp.org\/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20118."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr312","article-title":"Physician-received scatter radiation with angiography systems used for interventional radiology: Comparison among many X-ray systems","volume":"149","author":"Chida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn244","article-title":"Usefulness of non-lead aprons in radiation protection for physicians performing interventional procedures","volume":"131","author":"Zuguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-022-00650-w","article-title":"Occupational eye dose correlation with neck dose and patient-related quantities in interventional cardiology procedures","volume":"15","author":"Ishii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W900","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.6396","article-title":"Clarifying and visualizing sources of staff-received scattered radiation in interventional procedures","volume":"197","author":"Chida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2011). Statement on Tissue Reactions, Elsevier. Available online: http:\/\/www.icrp.org\/docs\/ICRP%20Statement%20on%20Tissue%20Reactions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, November 01). RaySafe i3 Real-Time Radiation Dosimeter|RaySafe. Available online: https:\/\/www.raysafe.com\/products\/real-time-staff-dosimetry\/raysafe-i3-real-time-radiation-dosimeter."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, November 01). RaySafe i3. Available online: https:\/\/www.raysafe.com\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-07\/RaySafe%20i3%20OSD%20Instructions%20for%20Use%20%28multilingual%29.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/34\/3\/N65","article-title":"Fundamental study of a real-time occupational dosimetry system for interventional radiology staff","volume":"34","author":"Inaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-018-0487-9","article-title":"Risk of radiation-induced lens opacities among surgeons and interventional medical staff","volume":"12","author":"Coppeta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/34\/4\/811","article-title":"Derivation and application of dose reduction factors for protective eyewear worn in interventional radiology and cardiology","volume":"34","author":"Magee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aa559c","article-title":"Assessment of the occupational eye lens dose for clinical staff in interventional radiology, cardiology and neuroradiology","volume":"37","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncy283","article-title":"Occupational eye lens dose estimated using whole\u2014Body dosemeter in interventional cardiology and radiology: A Monte Carlo study, Radiat","volume":"185","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120192","article-title":"The necessity of follow-up for radiation skin injuries in patients after percutaneous coronary interventions: Radiation skin injuries will often be overlooked clinically","volume":"53","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.71.847.9771383","article-title":"Lens injuries induced by occupational exposure in non-optimized interventional radiology laboratories","volume":"71","author":"Beneytez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigneux, G., Pirkkanen, J., Laframboise, T., Prescott, H., Tharmalingam, S., and Thome, C. (2022). Radiation-Induced Alterations in Proliferation, Migration, and Adhesion in Lens Epithelial Cells and Implications for Cataract Development. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9010029"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.8455","article-title":"Occupational dose in interventional radiology procedures","volume":"200","author":"Chida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850802616745","article-title":"Effect of radiation monitoring method and formula differences on estimated physician dose during percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"50","author":"Chida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109245","article-title":"Scatter radiation reduction with a radiation-absorbing pad in interventional radiology examinations","volume":"132","author":"Koenig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw321","article-title":"Evaluation of eye lens dose of interventional cardiologists, Radiat","volume":"173","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-018-0783-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of additional lead-shielding drape and low pulse rate fluoroscopy in protecting staff from scatter radiation during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)","volume":"37","author":"Morishima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-020-00575-2","article-title":"An initial investigation of a wireless patient radiation dosimeter for use in interventional radiology","volume":"13","author":"Inaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Lens equivalent dose of staff during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Dose comparison using two types of dosemeters","volume":"198","author":"Morishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180290","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180290","article-title":"Diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for common computed tomography examinations: Results from the Japanese nationwide dose survey","volume":"92","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrab014","article-title":"Evaluation of novel X-ray protective eyewear in reducing the eye dose to interventional radiology physicians","volume":"62","author":"Endo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujibuchi, T. (2021). Radiation protection education using virtual reality for the visualisation of scattered distributions during radiological examinations. J Radiol Prot., 41.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac16b1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, M., Chida, K., Munehisa, M., Sato, T., Inaba, Y., Suzuki, M., and Zuguchi, M. (2021). Non-Lead Protective Aprons for the Protection of Interventional Radiology Physicians from Radiation Exposure in Clinical Settings: An Initial Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091613"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsubara, K. (2021). Assessment of Radiation Dose in Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology Procedures for Patient and Staff Safety. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061116"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-011-0121-6","article-title":"Comparison of dose at an interventional reference point between the displayed estimated value and measured value","volume":"4","author":"Chida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2000). Avoidance of Radiation Injuries from Medical Interventional Procedures, ICRP Publication 85; Pergamon. Available online: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/ANIB_30_2."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00556-3","article-title":"Occupational eye dose in interventional cardiology procedures","volume":"7","author":"Haga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncy285","article-title":"Occupational radiation exposure of the eye in neurovascular interventional physician","volume":"185","author":"Kato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa034","article-title":"Radiation eye dose to medical staff during respiratory endoscopy under X-ray fluoroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Haga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140627","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140627","article-title":"Occupational radiation dose to eyes from interventional radiology procedures in light of the new eye lens dose limit from the International Commission on Radiological Protection","volume":"88","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N19","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ab2729","article-title":"Performance of the DOSIRIS\u2122 eye lens dosimeter","volume":"39","author":"Ishii","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"409","article-title":"A phantom study to determine the optimal placement of eye dosemeters on interventional cardiology staff","volume":"185","author":"Ishii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, Y., Hitachi, S., Watanuki, M., and Chida, K. (2021). Occupational radiation dose to eye lenses in CT-guided interventions using MDCT-fluoroscopy. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040646"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yashima, S., and Chida, K. (2023). Awareness of Medical Radiologic Technologists of Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Protection. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010497"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/33\/2\/445","article-title":"Assessment of eye and body dose for interventional radiologists, cardiologists, and other interventional staff","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac091f","article-title":"Occupational eye lens dose in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using a dedicated eye lens dosimeter","volume":"41","author":"Imai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8010036","article-title":"Radiation Eye Dose for Physicians in CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Biopsy","volume":"8","author":"Inaba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-018-0484-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of a novel real-time dosimeter in interventional radiology: A comparison of new and old radiation sensors","volume":"11","author":"Inaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.10.013","article-title":"Real-time patient radiation dosimeter for use in interventional radiology","volume":"32","author":"Chida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"5","article-title":"2004 Interventional radiology carries occupational risk for cataracts","volume":"14","author":"Haskal","year":"2004","journal-title":"RSNA News."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1688.1","article-title":"Radiation cataractogenesis: A review of recent studies","volume":"172","author":"Ainsbury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W202","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13925","article-title":"Novel Dosimeter Using a Nontoxic Phosphor for Real-Time Monitoring of Patient Radiation Dose in Interventional Radiology","volume":"205","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101913","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4893534","article-title":"Red emission phosphor for real-time skin dosimeter for fluoroscopy and interventional radiology","volume":"41","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2022, November 01). Diagnostic Reference Level in Japan (2020 Version). Available online: http:\/\/www.radher.jp\/J-RIME\/report\/JapanDRL2020_jp.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1760119008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}}}