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In the literature, several sensors have been developed to investigate oceans. Electrical conductivity temperature depth (CTD) sensors were used frequently and extensively. Long-term accurate CTD data is important for the study and utilization of oceans, e.g., for weather forecasting, ecological evolution, fishery, and shipping. Several kinds of CTD sensors based on electrics, optical, acoustic wave and radio waves have been developed. CTD sensors are often utilized by measuring electrical signals. The latest progress of CTD sensors will be presented in order of performance. The principles, structure, materials and properties of many CTD sensors were discussed in detail. The commercially available CTD sensors were involved and their respective performances were compared. Some possible development directions of CTD sensors for ocean investigation are proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T06:33:44Z","timestamp":1672814024000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongwen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Computational Fluid Dynamics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lu, L., and Li, M. 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