{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:58:13Z","timestamp":1780675093681,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fiscal Expenditure Program of China","award":["130016000000200003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130016000000200003"]}]},{"name":"National Fiscal Expenditure Program of China","award":["2021YFC3320100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3320100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["130016000000200003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130016000000200003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3320100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3320100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Media content forgery is widely spread over the Internet and has raised severe societal concerns. With the development of deep learning, new technologies such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and media forgery technology have already been utilized for politicians and celebrity forgery, which has a terrible impact on society. Existing GAN-generated face detection approaches rely on detecting image artifacts and the generated traces. However, these methods are model-specific, and the performance is deteriorated when faced with more complicated methods. What\u2019s more, it is challenging to identify forgery images with perturbations such as JPEG compression, gamma correction, and other disturbances. In this paper, we propose a global\u2013local facial fusion network, namely GLFNet, to fully exploit the local physiological and global receptive features. Specifically, GLFNet consists of two branches, i.e., the local region detection branch and the global detection branch. The former branch detects the forged traces from the facial parts, such as the iris and pupils. The latter branch adopts a residual connection to distinguish real images from fake ones. GLFNet obtains forged traces through various ways by combining physiological characteristics with deep learning. The method is stable with physiological properties when learning the deep learning features. As a result, it is more robust than the single-class detection methods. Experimental results on two benchmarks have demonstrated superiority and generalization compared with other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1672894291000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Global\u2013Local Facial Fusion Based GAN Generated Fake Face Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China"},{"name":"Academy of Broadcasting Science, NRTA, Beijing 100866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China"},{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Broadcasting Science, NRTA, Beijing 100866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoshan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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