{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:17:14Z","timestamp":1770337034162,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K09098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"G-7 Scholarship Foundation","award":["21K09098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098"]}]},{"name":"Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation","award":["21K09098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098"]}]},{"name":"Osaka Gas Group Welfare Foundation","award":["21K09098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess pathological gaits quantitatively, three-dimensional coordinates estimated with a deep learning model were converted into body axis plane projections. First, 15 healthy volunteers performed four gait patterns; that is, normal, shuffling, short-stepped, and wide-based gaits, with the Three-Dimensional Pose Tracker for Gait Test (TDPT-GT) application. Second, gaits of 47 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and 92 healthy elderly individuals in the Takahata cohort were assessed with the TDPT-GT. Two-dimensional relative coordinates were calculated from the three-dimensional coordinates by projecting the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Indices of the two-dimensional relative coordinates associated with a pathological gait were comprehensively explored. The candidate indices for the shuffling gait were the angle range of the hip joint &lt; 30\u00b0 and relative vertical amplitude of the heel &lt; 0.1 on the sagittal projection plane. For the short-stepped gait, the angle range of the knee joint &lt; 45\u00b0 on the sagittal projection plane was a candidate index. The candidate index for the wide-based gait was the leg outward shift &gt; 0.1 on the axial projection plane. In conclusion, the two-dimensional coordinates on the body axis projection planes calculated from the 3D relative coordinates estimated by the TDPT-GT application enabled the quantification of pathological gait features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1672894291000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantitative Gait Feature Assessment on Two-Dimensional Body Axis Projection Planes Converted from Three-Dimensional Coordinates Estimated with a Deep Learning Smartphone App"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"},{"name":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan"},{"name":"Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies\/Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Standard Co., Ltd., Osaka 536-0013, Japan"}]},{"given":"Chifumi","family":"Iseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shin-Aikai Spine Center, Katano Hospital, Katano 576-0043, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0072-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tadanori","family":"Fukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Tanikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhito","family":"Mase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Hoshimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shin-Aikai Spine Center, Katano Hospital, Katano 576-0043, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masatsune","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan"},{"name":"Rakuwa Villa Ilios, Rakuwakai Healthcare System, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.07.018","article-title":"Observational gait assessments in people with neurological disorders: A systematic review","volume":"97","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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