{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:14:11Z","timestamp":1774278851631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The restoration of gait and mobility after stroke is an important and challenging therapy goal due to the complexity of the potentially impaired functions. As a result, precise and clinically feasible assessment methods are required for personalized gait rehabilitation after stroke. The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and validity of a sensor-based gait analysis system in stroke survivors with different severities of gait deficits. For this purpose, 28 chronic stroke survivors (9 women, ages: 62.04 \u00b1 11.68 years) with mild to moderate walking impairments performed a set of ambulatory assessments (3\u00d7 10MWT, 1\u00d7 6MWT per session) twice while being equipped with a sensor suit. The derived gait reports provided information about speed, step length, step width, swing and stance phases, as well as joint angles of the hip, knee, and ankle, which we analyzed for test-retest reliability and hypothesis testing. Further, test-retest reliability resulted in a mean ICC of 0.78 (range: 0.46\u20130.88) for walking 10 m and a mean ICC of 0.90 (range: 0.63\u20130.99) for walking 6 min. Additionally, all gait parameters showed moderate-to-strong correlations with clinical scales reflecting lower limb function. These results support the applicability of this sensor-based gait analysis system for individuals with stroke-related walking impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T06:11:51Z","timestamp":1672899111000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Reliability and Validity of a Wearable Sensing System and Online Gait Analysis Report in Persons after Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8943-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Adib","family":"Al-Haj Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Einaudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Th\u00fcrlimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"L\u00e4derach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cereneo Foundation, Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CEFIR), 6354 Vitznau, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3602-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Awai Easthope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cereneo Foundation, Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CEFIR), 6354 Vitznau, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jeremia P. O.","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Center Triemli Zurich, Valens Clinics, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Andreas R.","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Cereneo, Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, 6354 Vitznau, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., and Chevidikunnan, M.F. (2021). Prevalence of Balance Impairment and Factors Associated with Balance among Patients with Stroke. A Cross Sectional Retrospective Case Control Study. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030320"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100-43","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000180861.54180.FF","article-title":"Management of Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Care","volume":"36","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01320-7","article-title":"Gait Rehabilitation after Stroke: Review of the Evidence of Predictors, Clinical Outcomes and Timing for Interventions","volume":"120","author":"Selves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000391","article-title":"Gait Characteristics of Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Patients with Different Walking Speeds","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dijk, M.M., Meyer, S., Sandstad, S., Wiskerke, E., Thuwis, R., Vandekerckhove, C., Myny, C., Ghosh, N., Beyens, H., and Dejaeger, E. (2017). A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Lateral and Diagonal Maximum Weight Shift in People with Stroke and Healthy Controls and the Correlation with Balance, Gait and Fear of Falling. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183020"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2015.09.003","article-title":"Motor Strategies of Postural Control after Hemispheric Stroke","volume":"45","author":"Yelnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin.\/Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4175-7","article-title":"Improved Gait Adjustments after Gait Adaptability Training Are Associated with Reduced Attentional Demands in Persons with Stroke","volume":"233","author":"Heeren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2464","article-title":"Quantitative Gait Impairments in Patients with Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Population-Based Approach","volume":"51","author":"Heshmatollah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.12.017","article-title":"Gait Disturbances in Patients With Stroke","volume":"6","author":"Balaban","year":"2014","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030486","article-title":"Blowing up Neural Repair for Stroke Recovery","volume":"51","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650024","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.650024","article-title":"Assessment Methods of Post-Stroke Gait: A Scoping Review of Technology-Driven Approaches to Gait Characterization and Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2377193","article-title":"A Step Counting Algorithm for Smartphone Users: Design and Implementation","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2930751","article-title":"Validity and Reproducibility of Inertial Physilog Sensors for Spatiotemporal Gait Analysis in Patients With Stroke","volume":"27","author":"Lefeber","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.019","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Gait Analysis Methods Based on Inertial Sensors and Adaptive Algorithms","volume":"57","author":"Caldas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Schepers, M., Giuberti, M., and Bellusci, G. (2018). Xsens MVN: Consistent Tracking of Human Motion Using Inertial Sensing, Technical Report for Xsens Technologies B.V."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.032","article-title":"Continuous Three Dimensional Analysis of Running Mechanics during a Marathon by Means of Inertial Magnetic Measurement Units to Objectify Changes in Running Mechanics","volume":"49","author":"Reenalda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00027","article-title":"Inertial Sensor Measurements of Upper-Limb Kinematics in Stroke Patients in Clinic and Home Environment","volume":"6","author":"Held","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"210","article-title":"Objective Evaluation of the Quality of Movement in Daily Life after Stroke","volume":"3","author":"Klaassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Konrath, J., Hartman, P., and Engels, C. (2021). Xsens MVN Gait Report: The Use of Inertial Motion Capture for Cloud Based Reporting of Gait Parameters, Technical Report for Xsens Technologies B.V."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Amri, M., Nicholas, K., Button, K., Sparkes, V., Sheeran, L., and Davies, J.L. (2018). Inertial Measurement Units for Clinical Movement Analysis: Reliability and Concurrent Validity. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030719"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200608000-00004","article-title":"Reference Values for the Timed Up and Go Test","volume":"29","author":"Bohannon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry, E., Galvin, R., Keogh, C., Horgan, F., and Fahey, T. (2014). Is the Timed Up and Go Test a Useful Predictor of Risk of Falls in Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. BMC Geriatr., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-14"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-83","article-title":"Timed Up & Go as a Measure for Longitudinal Change in Mobility after Stroke\u2014Postural Stroke Study in Gothenburg (POSTGOT)","volume":"11","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120492","article-title":"Outcome Measures for Individuals With Stroke: Process and Recommendations From the American Physical Therapy Association Neurology Section Task Force","volume":"93","author":"Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/03790799009166594","article-title":"Mobility after Stroke: Reliability of Measures of Impairment and Disability","volume":"12","author":"Collen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. Disabil. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","article-title":"Comfortable and Maximum Walking Speed of Adults Aged 20\u201379 Years: Reference Values and Determinants","volume":"26","author":"Bohannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410017215","article-title":"Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke","volume":"37","author":"Lexell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313498826","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory Responses during the 6-Minute Walk and Ramp Cycle Ergometer Tests and Their Relationship to Physical Activity in Stroke","volume":"28","author":"Salbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"381","article-title":"Reference Values for the Six-Minute Walk Test in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Maynard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.5.s1.s30","article-title":"Assessment of Sedentary Behavior With the International Physical Activity Questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1159\/000115178","article-title":"Motor Evaluation in Vascular Hemiplegia","volume":"19","author":"Demeurisse","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"27","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Motricity Index Strength Assessments for Lower Extremity in Post Stroke Hemiparesis","volume":"26","author":"Fayazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orig. Res. Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1191\/026921500675786655","article-title":"Criterion Validity of Lower Extremity Motricity Index Scores","volume":"14","author":"Cameron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0143","article-title":"The COnsensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and How to Select an Outcome Measurement Instrument","volume":"20","author":"Mokkink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison Studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00095","article-title":"The Applicability of Standard Error of Measurement and Minimal Detectable Change to Motor Learning Research\u2014A Behavioral Study","volume":"12","author":"Furlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s Guide to Correlation Coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12234","article-title":"Gait Velocity and Walking Distance to Predict Community Walking after Stroke","volume":"17","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Salbach, N., Author, L., Professor, A., Bayley, M., Brooks, D., Howe, J.-A., Educator, C., MacKay-Lyons, M., McDonald, A., and Specialist, C. (2018). IWalk a Guide to an Evidence-Informed Approach to Using the 10-Meter and 6-Minute Walk Tests Post-Stroke, University of Toronto."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrath, J.M., Karatsidis, A., Martin Schepers, H., Bellusci, G., de Zee, M., and Andersen, M.S. (2019). Estimation of the Knee Adduction Moment and Joint Contact Force during Daily Living Activities Using Inertial Motion Capture. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071681"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Smuck, M., Legault, C., Ith, M.A., Muaremi, A., and Aminian, K. (2018). Gait Symmetry Assessment with a Low Back 3d Accelerometer in Post-Stroke Patients. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103322"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308317972","article-title":"Recovery of Gait After Stroke: What Changes?","volume":"22","author":"Buurke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.10.025","article-title":"Determinants of Walking Function After Stroke: Differences by Deficit Severity","volume":"88","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2015.04.0065","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Inertial Sensor-Based Timed \u201cUp and Go\u201d Test in Individuals Affected by Stroke","volume":"53","author":"Aminian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)01063-6","article-title":"Hemiparetic Gait Following Stroke. Part I: Characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Olney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000498","article-title":"Gait Parameters Assessed with Inertial Measurement Unit during 6-Minute Walk Test in People after Stroke","volume":"44","author":"Pollet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teufl, W., Miezal, M., Taetz, B., Frohlichi, M., and Bleser, G. (2019). Validity of Inertial Sensor Based 3D Joint Kinematics of Static and Dynamic Sport and Physiotherapy Specific Movements. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213064"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0419-2","article-title":"Validation of Wearable Visual Feedback for Retraining Foot Progression Angle Using Inertial Sensors and an Augmented Reality Headset","volume":"15","author":"Karatsidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2000808","article-title":"An Instance-Based Algorithm With Auxiliary Similarity Information for the Estimation of Gait Kinematics From Wearable Sensors","volume":"19","author":"Goulermas","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.001","article-title":"Predicting Lower Limb Joint Kinematics Using Wearable Motion Sensors","volume":"28","author":"Findlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, C., Ortlieb, C., Romijnders, R., Warmerdam, E., Welzel, J., Geritz, J., and Maetzler, W. (2022). Reliability of IMU-Derived Temporal Gait Parameters in Neurological Diseases. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062304"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posada-Ordax, J., Cosin-Matamoros, J., Losa-Iglesias, M.E., Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R., Esteban-Gonzalo, L., Martin-Villa, C., Calvo-Lobo, C., and Rodriguez-Sanz, D. (2021). Accuracy and Repeatability of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured with an Inertial Measurement Unit. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091804"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2337914","article-title":"A Novel Adaptive, Real-Time Algorithm to Detect Gait Events From Wearable Sensors","volume":"23","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00435","article-title":"Less Is More\u2014Estimation of the Number of Strides Required to Assess Gait Variability in Spatially Confined Settings","volume":"10","author":"Kroneberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01021","article-title":"Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Gait: New Perspective and Insights","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.01.004","article-title":"Step Length Asymmetry Is Representative of Compensatory Mechanisms Used in Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Walking","volume":"33","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.03.002","article-title":"Recovery of Standing Balance and Functional Mobility after Stroke","volume":"84","author":"Garland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005898","article-title":"The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): A Study of Concurrent and Construct Validity","volume":"9","author":"Oja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.03.024","article-title":"Normative Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Older Adults","volume":"34","author":"Hollman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1621","article-title":"The Influence of an Ankle-Foot Orthosis on the Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters and Functional Balance in Chronic Stroke Patients","volume":"28","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2017.64585","article-title":"Association of Arch Height with Ankle Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Adult Men","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107762","article-title":"Applications of Nanogenerator-Based Wearable Devices in Orthopedics","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26793","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3120995","article-title":"Embedded FBG-Based Sensor for Joint Movement Monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.038956","article-title":"Walk the Talk: Current Evidence for Walking Recovery After Stroke, Future Pathways and a Mission for Research and Clinical Practice","volume":"53","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/624\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1760119212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020624","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}