{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:25:31Z","timestamp":1778721931028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-110-2221-E-A49-057-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-110-2221-E-A49-057-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-109-2221-E-009-155-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-109-2221-E-009-155-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicon photonics (SiPh) are considered a promising technology for increasing interconnect speed and capacity while decreasing power consumption. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) enables signals to be transmitted in different orthogonal modes in a single waveguide core. Wideband MDM components simultaneously supporting wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) can significantly increase the transmission capacity for optical interconnects. In this work, we propose, fabricate and demonstrate a wideband and channel switchable MDM optical power divider on an SOI platform, supporting single, dual and triple modes. The switchable MDM power divider consists of two parts. The first part is a cascaded Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for switching the data from their original TE0, TE1 and TE2 modes to different modes among themselves. After the target modes are identified, mode up-conversion and Y-branch are utilized in the second part for the MDM power division. Here, 48 WDM wavelength channels carrying OFDM data are successfully switched and power divided. An aggregated capacity of 7.682 Tbit\/s is achieved, satisfying the pre-forward error correction (pre-FEC) threshold (bit-error-rate, BER = 3.8 \u00d7 10\u22123). Although up to three MDM modes are presented in the proof-of-concept demonstration here, the proposed scheme can be scaled to higher order modes operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1673247909000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Wideband and Channel Switchable Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) Optical Power Divider Supporting 7.682 Tbit\/s for On-Chip Optical Interconnects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tun-Yao","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Zeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7488-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Wai","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin-He","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin-Cheng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jui-Feng","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics & Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Electronics Ltd., N.T., Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A143","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.440798","article-title":"4G to 6G: Disruptions and drivers for optical access [Invited]","volume":"14","author":"Ranaweera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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