{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1776091858636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tracking of objects and person position, orientation, and movement is relevant for various medical use cases, e.g., practical training of medical staff or patient rehabilitation. However, these demand high tracking accuracy and occlusion robustness. Expensive professional tracking systems fulfill these demands, however, cost-efficient and potentially adequate alternatives can be found in the gaming industry, e.g., SteamVR Tracking. This work presents an evaluation of SteamVR Tracking in its latest version 2.0 in two experimental setups, involving two and four base stations. Tracking accuracy, both static and dynamic, and occlusion robustness are investigated using a VIVE Tracker (3.0). A dynamic analysis further compares three different velocities. An error evaluation is performed using a Universal Robots UR10 robotic arm as ground-truth system under nonlaboratory conditions. Results are presented using the Root Mean Square Error. For static experiments, tracking errors in the submillimeter and subdegree range are achieved by both setups. Dynamic experiments achieved errors in the submillimeter range as well, yet tracking accuracy suffers from increasing velocity. Four base stations enable generally higher accuracy and robustness, especially in the dynamic experiments. Both setups enable adequate accuracy for diverse medical use cases. However, use cases demanding very high accuracy should primarily rely on SteamVR Tracking 2.0 with four base stations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1673247909000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Static and Dynamic Accuracy and Occlusion Robustness of SteamVR Tracking 2.0 in Multi-Base Station Setups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Kuhlmann de Canaviri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3402-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Meiszl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vana","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedeh Delaram","family":"Mirraziroudsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurin","family":"Hake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Potthast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1521-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Ratert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9535-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa","family":"Schulten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Silberbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannik","family":"Warnecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wiswede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Schiprowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"He\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr die Digitalisierung von Arbeits- und Lebenswelten (IDiAL), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6046-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Br\u00fcngel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, 45131 Essen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), 44227 Dortmund, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010031","article-title":"Metaverse","volume":"2","author":"Mystakidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0119bska, M., Polecho\u0144ski, J., Mynarski, A., and Polecho\u0144ski, P. 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