{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:04:20Z","timestamp":1767182660777,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the term smartphone photogrammetry gained popularity. This suggests that photogrammetry may become a simple measurement tool by virtually every smartphone user. The research was undertaken to clarify whether it is appropriate to use the Structure from Motion\u2014Multi Stereo View (SfM-MVS) procedure with self-calibration as it is done in Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle photogrammetry. First, the geometric stability of smartphone cameras was tested. Fourteen smartphones were calibrated on the checkerboard test field. The process was repeated multiple times. These observations were found: (1) most smartphone cameras have lower stability of the internal orientation parameters than a Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera, and (2) the principal distance and position of the principal point are constantly changing. Then, based on images from two selected smartphones, 3D models of a small sculpture were developed. The SfM-MVS method was used, with self-calibration and pre-calibration variants. By comparing the resultant models with the reference DSLR-created model it was shown that introducing calibration obtained in the test field instead of self-calibration improves the geometry of 3D models. In particular, deformations of local concavities and convexities decreased. In conclusion, there is real potential in smartphone photogrammetry, but it also has its limits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1673247909000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Simple Way to Reduce 3D Model Deformation in Smartphone Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jasi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy, and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Krystian","family":"Pyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy, and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Pastucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAS Center, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvey 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik Skov","family":"Midtiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAS Center, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvey 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhmann, T., Robson, S., Kyle, S., and Boehm, J. (2020). Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3d Imaging, Walter de Gruyter GmbH. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110607253"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"855","article-title":"In Close-range camera calibration","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"1971","journal-title":"Photogram. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kraus, K. (1997). Photogrammetry. 2: Advanced Methods and Applications, D\u00fcmmler. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolecki, J., Kuras, P., Pastucha, E., Pyka, K., and Sierka, M. (2020). Calibration of Industrial Cameras for Aerial Photogrammetric Mapping. Remote. Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193130"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"266","article-title":"ISPRS Commission V Symposium: Image Engineering and Vision Metrology","volume":"36","author":"Remondino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.006","article-title":"Sensor modelling and camera calibration for close-range photogrammetry","volume":"115","author":"Luhmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000025798.50602.3a","article-title":"Visual Modeling with a Hand-Held Camera","volume":"59","author":"Pollefeys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499501400607","article-title":"Relative 3D Reconstruction Using Multiple Uncalibrated Images","volume":"14","author":"Mohr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Rupnik, E., Meynard, C., Thom, C., and Pierrot-Deseilligny, M. (2019). Simulation and Analysis of Photogrammetric UAV Image Blocks\u2014Influence of Camera Calibration Error. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010022"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Jiang, S., and Jiang, W. (2021). Camera Self-Calibration with GNSS Constrained Bundle Adjustment for Weakly Structured Long Corridor UAV Images. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214222"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hirschm\u00fcller, H. (2005, January 20\u201325). Accurate and Efficient Stereo Processing by Semi-Global Matching and Mutual Information. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.161","article-title":"Accurate, Dense, and Robust Multiview Stereopsis","volume":"32","author":"Furukawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"OpenCV (2022, December 14). Open Source Computer Vision Library. Available online: https:\/\/opencv.org."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). Open Drone Map [Computer Software]. Available online: https:\/\/opendronemap.org."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Vision, A. (2022, December 14). Meshroom: A 3D Reconstruction Software. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/alicevision\/Meshroom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-017-0027-2","article-title":"MicMac\u2014A free, open-source solution for photogrammetry","volume":"2","author":"Rupnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). Pix4D SA. Available online: https:\/\/www.pix4d.com."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). Agisoft Metashape Professional (Version 1.6.3) (Software). Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1515\/aot-2021-0023","article-title":"Smartphone imaging technology and its applications","volume":"10","author":"Blahnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahito, S., and Seo, M.-W. (2016). Noise Reduction Effect of Multiple-Sampling-Based Signal-Readout Circuits for Ultra-Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111867"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"33","article-title":"SfM-photogrammetry for fast recording of archaeological features in remote areas","volume":"31","author":"Brandolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"AeC"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liba, N. (July, January 30). Making 3D Models Using Close-Range Photogrammetry: Comparison of Cameras and Software. Proceedings of the 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2019, Sofia, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.5593\/sgem2019\/2.2\/S10.069"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollonio, F., Fantini, F., Garagnani, S., and Gaiani, M. (2021). A Photogrammetry-Based Workflow for the Accurate 3D Construction and Visualization of Museums Assets. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030486"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-539-2019","article-title":"Evaluating Smartphones Color Fidelity and Metric Accuracy for the 3d Documentation of Small Artifacts","volume":"XLII-2\/W11","author":"Gaiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-787-2022","article-title":"3D modelling of a historic windmill: PPK-aided terrestrial photogrammetry vs smartphone app","volume":"XLIII-B2-2022","author":"Eker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"da Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o, N.R.S., Henrique, V.B., Amorim, A., Carneiro, A., and de Souza, G.H.B. (Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt., 2022). Reconstruction and storage of a low-cost three-dimensional model for a cadastre of historical and artistic heritage, Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt., ahead-of-print."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"257","article-title":"Low-cost terrestrial photogrammetry for 3d modeling of historic sites: A case study of the marinids\u2019 royal necropolis city of Fez, Morocco","volume":"20","author":"Khalloufi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8561380","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8561380","article-title":"Geometric Evaluation of Mobile-Phone Camera Images for 3D Information","volume":"2019","author":"Yilmazturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVI-2-W1-2022-259-2022","article-title":"Super-Resolution Images on Mobile Smartphone Aimed at 3D Modeling","volume":"XLVI-2\/W1-2022","author":"Inzerillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, N.-J., and Wu, Y.-C. (2022). AR-Based 3D Virtual Reconstruction of Brick Details. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030748"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Shih, N.-J., and Wu, Y.-C. (2021, January 11\u201313). An AR-assisted Comparison for the Case Study of the Reconstructed Components in two Old Brick Warehouses. Proceedings of the ISCA 34th International Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering, Online."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2021.42-65","article-title":"Techniques, Tools, Platforms and Algorithms in Close Range Photogrammetry in Building 3D Model and 2D Representation of Objects and Complex Architectures","volume":"18","author":"Pepe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Aided. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W20-65-2019","article-title":"Research on Information Acquisition and Accuracy Analysis of Ancient Architecture Plaque with Common Smart Phone","volume":"XLII-4\/W20","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W10-107-2019","article-title":"Can an Inexpensive Phone App Compare to Other Methods When It Comes to 3d Digitization of Ship Models","volume":"XLII-2\/W10","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W17-93-2019","article-title":"3d Low-Cost Acquisition for the Knowledge of Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Bust of San Nicola Da Tolentino","volume":"XLII-2\/W17","author":"Cardaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05819-7_5","article-title":"Evaluation of Using Mobile Devices for 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage Artifacts","volume":"Volume 904","author":"Carrozzino","year":"2019","journal-title":"VR Technologies in Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1053-2018","article-title":"3d Virtual Ch Interactive Information Systems for a Smart Web Browsing Experience for Desktop Pcs and Mobile Devices","volume":"XLII-2","author":"Scianna","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-481-2017","article-title":"New Opportunities of Low-Cost Photogrammetry for Culture Heritage Preservation","volume":"XLII-5\/W1","author":"Shults","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shults, R., Krelshtein, P., Kravchenko, I., Rogoza, O., and Kyselov, O. (2017\u201d, January 27\u201328). Low-cost Photogrammetry for Culture Heritage. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference \u201cEnvironmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.3846\/enviro.2017.237"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B5-581-2016","article-title":"Quality Assessment and Comparison of Smartphone and Leica C10 Laser Scanner Based Point Clouds","volume":"XLI-B5","author":"Sirmacek","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B5-587-2016","article-title":"Crowdsourcing Based 3D Modeling","volume":"XLI-B5","author":"Somogyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-547-2014","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of building point clouds automatically generated from iphone images","volume":"XL-5","author":"Sirmacek","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02593-4","article-title":"Automated 3D thorax model generation using handheld video-footage","volume":"17","author":"Dussel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, E., Haffner, O., and Ku\u010dera, E. (2022). Low-Cost Method for 3D Body Measurement Based on Photogrammetry Using Smartphone. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11071048"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matuzevi\u010dius, D., and Serackis, A. (2021). Three-Dimensional Human Head Reconstruction Using Smartphone-Based Close-Range Video Photogrammetry. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010229"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shilov, L., Shanshin, S., Romanov, A., Fedotova, A., Kurtukova, A., Kostyuchenko, E., and Sidorov, I. (2021). Reconstruction of a 3D Human Foot Shape Model Based on a Video Stream Using Photogrammetry and Deep Neural Networks. Future Internet, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13120315"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, S., Mackay, R., Mohagheghi, A., and Du, X. (2021). The Use of Smartphone Photogrammetry to Digitise Transtibial Sockets: Optimisation of Method and Quantitative Evaluation of Suitability. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248405"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E488","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab355","article-title":"Qlone\u00ae: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens","volume":"21","author":"Gurses","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87240-9","article-title":"Development and virtual validation of a novel digital workflow to rehabilitate palatal defects by using smartphone-integrated stereophotogrammetry (SPINS)","volume":"11","author":"Farook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.04.011","article-title":"Wound surface area measurement methods","volume":"41","author":"Foltynski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-021-00994-4","article-title":"Evaluation of camera settings for photogrammetric reconstruction of humanoid phantoms for EBRT bolus and HDR surface brachytherapy applications","volume":"44","author":"Bridger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Gallardo, Y.N., Salazar-Gamarra, R., Bohner, L., De Oliveira, J.I., Dib, L.L., and Sesma, N. (2021). Evaluation of the 3D error of 2 face-scanning systems: An in vitro analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent., S0022391321003681."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.09.008","article-title":"Is Kelami\u2032s Method Still Useful in the Smartphone Era? The Virtual 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Penile Curvature in Patients with Peyronie's Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"18","author":"Pavone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13219","article-title":"Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Model Generated from Patient-Specific Monocular Video Data for Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study","volume":"29","author":"Matsuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trujillo-Jim\u00e9nez, M.A., Navarro, P., Pazos, B., Morales, L., Ramallo, V., Paschetta, C., De Azevedo, S., Ruderman, A., P\u00e9rez, O., and Delrieux, C. (2020). body2vec: 3D Point Cloud Reconstruction for Precise Anthropometry with Handheld Devices. J. Imaging, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6090094"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.013","article-title":"Fully automatic smartphone-based photogrammetric 3D modelling of infant\u2019s heads for cranial deformation analysis","volume":"166","author":"Lerma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.08.059","article-title":"Smartphone-based photogrammetric 3D modelling assessment by comparison with radiological medical imaging for cranial deformation analysis","volume":"131","author":"Lerma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12243","article-title":"Smartphone-based close-range photogrammetric assessment of spherical objects","volume":"33","author":"Cabrelles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616664150","article-title":"A smartphone photogrammetry method for digitizing prosthetic socket interiors","volume":"41","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.03.015","article-title":"Low-Cost Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry for the Analysis of Cranial Deformation in Infants","volume":"102","author":"Lerma","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371822","article-title":"3D Bilderfassung und Analyse in der Plastischen Chirurgie mit Smartphone und Tablet: Eine Alternative zu professionellen Systemen?","volume":"46","author":"Koban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handchir. Mikrochir. Plast. Chir."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.11.019","article-title":"Smartphone-based video for 3D modelling: Application to infant\u2019s cranial deformation analysis","volume":"116","author":"Lerma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106726","article-title":"A low-cost approach for the estimation of rock joint roughness using photogrammetry","volume":"305","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torkan, M., Janiszewski, M., Uotinen, L., Baghbanan, A., and Rinne, M. (2022). Photogrammetric Method to Determine Physical Aperture and Roughness of a Rock Fracture. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114165"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.110943","article-title":"A fast and practical method for determining particle size and shape by using smartphone photogrammetry","volume":"193","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106424","article-title":"Application of a multi-smartphone measurement system in slope model tests","volume":"295","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, P., Fang, K., Jiang, Q., Zhang, H., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Measurement of Rock Joint Surfaces by Using Smartphone Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030922"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107318","article-title":"Terrestrial SfM-MVS photogrammetry from smartphone sensors","volume":"367","author":"Tavani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1443-2020","article-title":"The Fusion of External and Internal 3d Photogrammetric Models as a Tool to Investigate the Ancient Human\/Cave Interaction: The La Sassa Case Study","volume":"XLIII-B2-2020","author":"Alessandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabove, P., Grasso, N., and Piras, M. (2019). Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry for the 3D Modeling of a Geomorphological Structure. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183884"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francioni, M., Simone, M., Stead, D., Sciarra, N., Mataloni, G., and Calamita, F. (2019). A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111267"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saif, W., and Alshibani, A. (2022). Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry Assessment in Comparison with a Compact Camera for Construction Management Applications. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031053"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W4-2021-25-2021","article-title":"Smartphone-Based Reality Capture for Subsurface Utilities: Experiences from Water Utility Companies in Denmark","volume":"XLVI-4\/W4-2021","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-503-2021","article-title":"Close-Range Photogrammetry Method for Sf6 Gas Insulated Line (Gil) Deformation Monitoring","volume":"XLIII-B2-2021","author":"Fauzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moritani, R., Kanai, S., Akutsu, K., Suda, K., Elshafey, A., Urushidate, N., and Nishikawa, M. (2020, January 26\u201330). Streamlining Photogrammetry-based 3D Modeling of Construction Sites using a Smartphone, Cloud Service and Best-view Guidance. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Kitakyushu, Japan.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2020\/0143"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108449","article-title":"A smartphone camera and built-in gyroscope based application for non-contact yet accurate off-axis structural displacement measurements","volume":"167","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2022.2053153","article-title":"Smartphone camera-based micron-scale displacement measurement: Development and application in soft actuators","volume":"50","author":"Najathulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Instrum. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tungol, Z.P.L., Toriya, H., Owada, N., Kitahara, I., Inagaki, F., Saadat, M., Jang, H.D., and Kawamura, Y. (2021). Model Scaling in Smartphone GNSS-Aided Photogrammetry for Fragmentation Size Distribution Estimation. Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121301"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, R., Guo, Z., and Zhang, X. (2021). Forest 3D Reconstruction and Individual Tree Parameter Extraction Combining Close-Range Photo Enhancement and Feature Matching. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091633"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"012032","article-title":"Comparison of 3D Models of an Object Placed in Two Different Media (Air and Water) Created on the Basis of Photos Obtained with a Mobile Phone Camera","volume":"Volume 684","author":"Kujawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"706","article-title":"Measuring propeller pitch based on photogrammetry and CAD","volume":"21","author":"Van","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K.C., Cooke, C., Park, J., Qian, R., Horstmeyer, R., Izatt, J.A., and Farsiu, S. (2021, January 20\u201325). Mesoscopic Photogrammetry with an Unsta-bilized Phone Camera. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00745"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, \u00c1., Troll, P., Romeder-Finger, S., Archenti, A., Sz\u00e9ll, K., and Galambos, P. (2020). A Benchmark of Popular Indoor 3D Reconstruction Technologies: Comparison of ARCore and RTAB-Map. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9122091"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106321","article-title":"Datasets of captured images of three different devices for photogrammetry calculation comparison and integration into a laserscan point cloud of a built environment","volume":"33","author":"Hellmuth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., and Han, Y. (2020). A Low-Cost 3D Phenotype Measurement Method of Leafy Vegetables Using Video Recordings from Smartphones. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216068"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"411","article-title":"Estimating tree stem diameters and volume from smartphone photogrammetric point clouds","volume":"93","author":"Marzulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Int. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, T., Woolley, S.I., Gehlken, E., and Ch\u2019Ng, E. (2019). Automated Low-Cost Photogrammetric Acquisition of 3D Models from Small Form-Factor Artefacts. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121441"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W16-63-2019","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Various Camera Input for Videogrammetry","volume":"XLII-4\/W16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5380\/rf.v48i2.55224","article-title":"Tridimensional (3d) Modeling of Trunks and Commercial Logs of Tectona grandis L.f.","volume":"48","author":"Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Floresta"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W5-515-2015","article-title":"The Performance Evaluation of Multi-Image 3D Reconstruction Software with Different Sensors","volume":"XL-1\/W5","author":"Mousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7780\/kjrs.2014.30.1.12","article-title":"Application of Smartphone Camera Calibration for Close-Range Digital Photogrammetry","volume":"30","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92195-y","article-title":"The suitability of smartphone camera sensors for detecting radiation","volume":"11","author":"Johary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1410","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1410","article-title":"Smartphones for latent fingerprint processing and photography: A revolution in forensic science","volume":"3","author":"Haertel","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zancajo-Bl\u00e1zquez, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D., Gonzalez-Jorge, H., and Hernandez-Lopez, D. (2015). An Automatic Image-Based Modelling Method Applied to Forensic Infography. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118719"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3846\/gac.2021.13434","article-title":"Calibration of Smartphone\u2019s Rear Dual Camera System","volume":"47","author":"Aldelgawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geodesy Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04005","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202131804005","article-title":"Digital Model in Close-Range Photogrammetry Using a Smartphone Camera","volume":"318","author":"Ataiwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12364","article-title":"Automated calibration of smartphone cameras for 3D reconstruction of mechanical pipes","volume":"36","author":"Maalek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Chen, R., and Chen, L. (2017). Visual Positioning Indoors: Human Eyes vs. Smartphone Cameras. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112645"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2009.00541.x","article-title":"Comparative geometric and radiometric evaluation of mobile phone and still video cameras","volume":"24","author":"Akca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"729","article-title":"Image-based methods for metric surveys of buildings using modern optical sensors and tools: From 2d ap-proach to 3d and vice versa","volume":"9","author":"Massimiliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B5-381-2012","article-title":"Assessing the Photogrammetric Potential of Cameras in Portable Devices","volume":"XXXIX-B5","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). Camera-Calibration-with-Large-Chessboards [an Opensource Software with MIT License]. Available online: Https:\/\/Github.Com\/Henrikmidtiby\/Camera-Calibration-with-Large-Chessboards."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). Cloud Compare (Version 2.13.Alpha) GPL Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/main.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:47Z","timestamp":1760119427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}