{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:29:09Z","timestamp":1775100549582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51975477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51975477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51705332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51705332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head-worn displays (HWDs) as timely condition monitoring are increasingly used in aviation. However, interface design characteristics that mainly affect HWD use have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of several important interface design characteristics (i.e., the distance between calibration lines and the layouts of vertical and horizontal scale belts) on task performance and user preference between different conditions of display, i.e., HWD or head-up display (HUD). Thirty participants joined an experiment in which they performed flight tasks. In the experiment, the calibration lines\u2019 distance was set to three different levels (7, 9 and 11 mrad), and the scale belt layouts included horizontal and vertical scale belt layouts. The scale belts were set as follows: the original vertical scale belt width was set as L, and the horizontal scale belt height as H. The three layouts of the vertical calibration scale belt used were 3\/4H, H and 3H\/2. Three layouts of horizontal calibration scale belts were selected as 3L\/4, L and 3L\/2. The results indicated that participants did better with the HWD compared to the HUD. Both layouts of vertical and horizontal scale belts yielded significant effects on the users\u2019 task performance and preference. Users showed the best task performance while the vertical calibration scale belts were set as H and horizontal calibration scale belts were set as L, and users generally preferred interface design characteristics that could yield an optimal performance. These findings could facilitate the optimal design of usable head-worn-display technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1673247909000},"page":"736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Interface Design of Head-Worn Display Application on Condition Monitoring in Aviation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2019ao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winterbottom, M.D., Patterson, R., Pierce, B.J., and Taylor, A. (2006, January 17\u201321). Visual suppression of monocularly presented symbology against a fused background in a simulation and training environment. Proceedings of the SPIE 6224\u2014Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.666267"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.06.002","article-title":"Detection of visual stimuli on monocular peripheral head-worn displays","volume":"73","author":"Pascale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of physical workload affected by mass and center of mass of head-mounted display","volume":"68","author":"Chihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X230253","article-title":"Depth of Focus and Visual Recognition of Imagery Presented on Simultaneously Viewed Displays: Implications for Head-Mounted Displays","volume":"49","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2020-001493","article-title":"Are new vision standards and tests needed for military aircrew using 3d stereo helmet-mounted displays?","volume":"167","author":"Posselt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Mil. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018808","article-title":"The role of target\u2013distractor relationships in guiding attention and the eyes in visual search","volume":"139","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.08.026","article-title":"Influences of augmented reality head-worn display type and user interface design on performance and usability in simulated warehouse order picking","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.62.012005","article-title":"Evaluation of visual augmentation methods for rotorcraft pilots in degraded visual environments","volume":"62","author":"Viertler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Helicopter Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200205000-00010","article-title":"Performance and comfort on near eye computer displays","volume":"79","author":"Sheedy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakkinen, J. (2004). Avirtual Display for Mobile Use. SID Symposium Digest 35, Society for Information Display.","DOI":"10.1889\/1.1825789"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooi, F.L. (1997, January 10\u201312). Visual strain: A comparison of monitors and head-mounted displays. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.266346"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melzer, J.E., Marasco, P.L., and Havig, P.R. (2011, January 25\u201329). Human-machine interface issues in the use of helmet-mounted displays in short conjugate simulators. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.884310"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenzel, B., Castillo, A., and Baker, G. (2002). Assessment of the Virtual Environment Safe-for-Maintenance Trainer (VEST) (Tech. Rep. AFRL-HE-AZ-TP-2002-0011), Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA408680"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006778606877","article-title":"Perceptual issues in the use of head mounted visual displays","volume":"48","author":"Patterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X249947","article-title":"Binocular rivalry and head worn displays","volume":"49","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775992552","article-title":"Effects of image scale and system time delay on simulator sickness within head-coupled virtual environments","volume":"43","author":"Draper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rash, C.E., McLean, W.E., Mora, J.C., Ledford, M.H., and Mozo, B.T. (1998). Design Issues for Helmet-Mounted Display Systems for Rotary-Wing Aviation, Army Aeromedical Research Unit.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA352464"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500201","article-title":"Redundant use of luminance and flashing with shape and color as highlighting codes in symbolic displays","volume":"35","author":"Divita","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089003200105","article-title":"Proximity compatibility and information display: Effects of color, space, and object display on information integration","volume":"32","author":"Wickens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"89","article-title":"The Ergonomic Study of Belt Graduation Display in Aircraft Cockpit","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Suzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"59","article-title":"A Study of Scale Mark Dimensions, Separation and Reading Distance of Panel Instrument Dial","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Xiong, D., Guo, X., and Yi, L. (2007, January 22\u201327). Experimental study on ergonomics of fighter cockpit head up display heading scale belt display position. Proceedings of the Chinese Man Machine Environment System Engineering Conference, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"84","article-title":"Effects of the display formats on pilots\u2019 cognitive performance with head-up display velocity, height and heading information in fighter","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aerosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-004-0134-0","article-title":"Desktop Information-Rich Virtual Environment: Challenges and Techniques","volume":"8","author":"Polys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polys, N.F., Kim, S., and Bowman, D.A. (2005). Effects of Information Layout, Screen Size, and Field of View on User Performance in Information-rich Virtual Environments, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1145\/1101616.1101626"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.014","article-title":"A head-worn display (\u201csmart glasses\u201d) has adverse impacts on the dynamics of lateral position control during gait","volume":"81","author":"Sedighi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"20","article-title":"Experimental study on visual search for aiming symbols in head-mounted AR system interface","volume":"50","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Experimental study on visual limitation experiment of goal-seeking in radar situation-interface","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"491","article-title":"Effect of Spatial Attributes of Display Interface on Eye Control Interaction","volume":"33","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Med. Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813503007","article-title":"The effects of human finger and Chinese character on Chinese handwriting performance on mobile touch devices","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812470843","article-title":"Effect of sitting or standing on touch screen performance and touch characteristics","volume":"55","author":"Chourasia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130410001724228","article-title":"Standing at a kiosk: Effects of key size and spacing on touch screen numeric keypad performance and user preference","volume":"47","author":"Colle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011133","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202011133","article-title":"Self-Healing Titanium Dioxide Nanocapsules-Graphene\/Multi-Branched Polyurethane Hybrid Flexible Film with Multifunctional Properties toward Wearable Electronics","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"18","article-title":"Self-Healing and Antibacterial Essential Oil-Loaded Mesoporous Silica\/Polyacrylate Hybrid Hydrogel for High-Performance Wearable Body-Strain Sensing","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:11Z","timestamp":1760119451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}