{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1780631443308,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an integrated monitoring system for the driver and the vehicle in a single case of study easy to configure and replicate. On-board vehicle sensors and remote sensors are combined to model algorithms for estimating polluting emissions, fuel consumption, driving style and driver\u2019s health. The main contribution of this paper is the analysis of interactions among the above monitored features highlighting the influence of the driver in the vehicle performance and vice versa. This analysis was carried out experimentally using one vehicle with different drivers and routes and implemented on a mobile application. Compared to commercial driver and vehicle monitoring systems, this approach is not customized, uses classical sensor measurements, and is based on simple algorithms that have been already proven but not in an interactive environment with other algorithms. In the procedure design of this global vehicle and driver monitoring system, a principal component analysis was carried out to reduce the variables used in the training\/testing algorithms with objective to decrease the transfer data via Bluetooth between the used devices: a biometric wristband, a smartphone and the vehicle\u2019s central computer. Experimental results show that the proposed vehicle and driver monitoring system predicts correctly the fuel consumption index in 84%, the polluting emissions 89%, and the driving style 89%. Indeed, interesting correlation results between the driver\u2019s heart condition and vehicular traffic have been found in this analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T04:59:58Z","timestamp":1673413198000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Vehicle and Driver Monitoring System Using On-Board and Remote Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Andres E.","family":"Campos-Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge de J.","family":"Lozoya-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Tudon-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A. Ramirez","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6969-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Vargas-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Morales-Menendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. E Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technologies, Universidad de Monterrey, Av. I Morones Prieto 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza Garcia 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Detecting Aggressive Driving Behavior using Mobile Smartphone","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Krishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Communication, Computing and Networking"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Detection of Driving Events using Sensory Data on Smartphone","volume":"15","author":"Saiprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. 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