{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:17:38Z","timestamp":1773818258470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN6570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN6570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-04974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-04974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Article Processing Charge (APC) was funded by NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN6570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN6570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Article Processing Charge (APC) was funded by NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-04974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-04974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the miniaturization capability of split ring array antennas embedded in a low-permittivity dielectric substrate, in comparison with the same-sized high-permittivity dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). In order to understand the miniaturization performance, a size-fixed dielectric substrate with different split ring arrays is studied. The simulation results show that the miniaturization capability increases with decreased unit cell resonant frequency and\/or increased unit cell induced permeability. Miniaturizations as high as 25.54 times that of a high-permittivity DRA are obtained with split rings, etched on a dielectric substrate having a low permittivity of 2.2. Furthermore, this excessive miniaturization does not come at the expense of excessive deterioration of the antenna impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Consequently, the miniaturized split ring arrays still provide high gains over wider bandwidths. This inference is further verified by comparing the miniaturization and other antenna performance parameters with three other modified split ring configurations. To experimentally verify this work, a split ring antenna was fabricated and tested, and good agreement between the simulated and measured results was observed. The results of this study indicate that adding resonant metallic inclusions into low- permittivity DRAs significantly increases their miniaturization capability, without overly deteriorating the performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T06:18:08Z","timestamp":1673417888000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Split Ring Antennas and Their Application for Antenna Miniaturization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotfollah","family":"Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Isleifson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1715038","article-title":"Physical Limitations of Omni-Directional Antennas","volume":"19","author":"Chu","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. 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