{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1781876457145,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51808417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808417"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a piezoelectric active sensing-based time reversal method was investigated for monitoring pipeline internal corrosion. An effective method that combines wavelet packet energy with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was proposed to identify the internal corrosion status of pipelines. Two lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches were pasted on the outer surface of the pipeline as actuators and sensors to generate and receive ultrasonic signals propagating through the inner wall of the pipeline. Then, the time reversal technique was employed to reverse the received response signal in the time domain, and then to retransmit it as an excitation signal to obtain the focused signal. Afterward, the wavelet packet transform was used to decompose the focused signal, and the wavelet packet energy (WPE) with large components was extracted as the input of the CNN model to rapidly identify the corrosion degree inside the pipeline. The corrosion experiments were conducted to verify the correctness of the proposed method. The occurrence and development of corrosion in pipelines were generated by electrochemical corrosion, and nine different depths of corrosion were imposed on the sample pipeline. The experimental results indicated that the classification accuracy exceeded 99.01%. Therefore, this method can quantitatively monitor the corrosion status of pipelines and can pinpoint the internal corrosion degree of pipelines promptly and accurately. The WPE-CNN model in combination with the proposed time reversal method has high application potential for monitoring pipeline internal corrosion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:47:01Z","timestamp":1673495221000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Novel Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring Method Based on Piezoelectric Active Sensing and CNN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"Precision Manufacturing Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ti","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Digital Engineering Institute, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"Precision Manufacturing Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2016.07.014","article-title":"Estimation of corrosion failure likelihood of oil and gas pipeline based on fuzzy logic approach","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. 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