{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T19:46:53Z","timestamp":1769284013679,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data acquisition systems have shown the need of wideband spectrum monitoring for many years. This paper describes and discusses a recently proposed architecture aimed at acquiring efficiently wideband signals, named the Analog-to-Information Converter (AIC). AIC framework and working principle implementing the sub-Nyquist sampling are analyzed in general terms. Attention is specifically focused on the idea of exploiting the condition of the signals that, despite their large bandwidth, have a small information content in the frequency domain. However, as clarified in the paper, employing AICs in measurement instrumentation necessarily entails their characterization, through the analysis of their building blocks and the corresponding non-idealities, in order to improve the signal reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1673497778000},"page":"861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Over the Limits of Traditional Sampling: Advantages and Issues of AICs for Measurement Instrumentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Iadarola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Daponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rapuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirolos, S., Laska, J., Wakin, M., Duarte, M., Baron, D., Ragheb, T., Massoud, Y., and Baraniuk, R. (2006, January 29\u201330). Analog-to-Information Conversion via Random Demodulation. Proceedings of the IEEE Dallas\/CAS Workshop on Design, Applications, Integration and Software, Richardson, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCAS.2006.321036"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laska, J.N., Kirolos, S., Duarte, M.F., Ragheb, T.S., Baraniuk, R.G., and Massoud, Y. (2007, January 27\u201330). Theory and Implementation of an Analog-to-Information Converter using Random Demodulation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378360"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2022.9693447","article-title":"Characterization of Analog-to-Information Converters [imsawards]","volume":"25","author":"Iadarola","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, Y., Zhuang, Y., and Zhou, N. (2020). High sampling rate or high resolution in a sub-Nyquist sampling system. Measurement, 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108175"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.862083","article-title":"Robust Uncertainty Principles: Exact Signal Reconstruction From Highly Incomplete Frequency Information","volume":"52","author":"Romberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2072430","article-title":"A Sub-Nyquist Rate Sampling Receiver Exploiting Compressive Sensing","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2014.2360756","article-title":"Theory and Design of a Quadrature Analog-to-Information Converter for Energy-Efficient Wideband Spectrum Sensing","volume":"62","author":"Haque","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2019.2928331","article-title":"A 2\u201318 GHz Compressed Sensing Receiver With Broadband LO Chain in 0.13-\u03bcm BiCMOS","volume":"29","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelissier, M., Masson, G., Ouvry, L., Dias, L.F.F., and Marnat, M. (2018, January 27\u201330). Hardware platform of Analog-to-Information converter using Non Uniform Wavelet Bandpass Sampling for RF signal activity detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351834"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2246212","article-title":"Why Analog-to-Information Converters Suffer in High-Bandwidth Sparse Signal Applications","volume":"60","author":"Abari","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2018.06.021","article-title":"A random demodulation architecture for sub-sampling acoustic emission signals in structural health monitoring","volume":"431","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iadarola, G., Spinsante, S., De Vito, L., and Lamonaca, F. (2022, January 25\u201327). A support for signal compression in living environments: The Analog-to-Information Converter. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment (MetroLivEn), Cosenza, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroLivEnv54405.2022.9826923"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2320393","article-title":"Simple and Efficient Compressed Sensing Encoder for Wireless Body Area Network","volume":"63","author":"Ravelomanantsoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2284673","article-title":"Compressed Sensing Analog Front-End for Bio-Sensor Applications","volume":"49","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, F., Cao, Z., Xie, Y., and Xu, L. (2021). Precise wide-band electrical impedance spectroscopy measurement via an ADC operated below the Nyquist sampling rate. Measurement, 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.108995"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Spinsante, S. (2018, January 20\u201322). PRBS Selection for Velocity Measurements with Compressive Sampling-Based DS-CDMA Radio Navigation Receivers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Aerospace, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAeroSpace.2018.8453591"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2223611","article-title":"Analog-to-Information and the Nyquist Folding Receiver","volume":"2","author":"Maleh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Huang, Z., Wang, X., and Sun, W. (2017). Design of a Single Channel Modulated Wideband Converter for Wideband Spectrum Sensing: Theory, Architecture and Hardware Implementation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051035"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2665983","article-title":"Random Triggering-Based Sub-Nyquist Sampling System for Sparse Multiband Signal","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.11.015","article-title":"Non-Uniform Wavelet Bandpass Sampling Analog-to-Information Converter: A hardware implementation and its experimental assessment","volume":"134","author":"Iadarola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cds.2010.0147","article-title":"Xampling: Analog to digital at sub-Nyquist rates","volume":"5","author":"Mishali","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Circuits Devices Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.120475","article-title":"Sub-Nyquist radar prototype: Hardware and algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Baransky","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2214634","article-title":"A Compressed Sensing Parameter Extraction Platform for Radar Pulse Signal Acquisition","volume":"2","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, J., Becker, S., Loh, M., Monge, M., Candes, E., and Emami-Neyestanak, A. (2012, January 17\u201319). A 100 MHz\u20132 GHz 12.5\u00d7 sub-Nyquist rate receiver in 90 nm CMOS. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFIC.2012.6242225"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2214635","article-title":"A Nonuniform Sampler for Wideband Spectrally-Sparse Environments","volume":"2","author":"Wakin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1109\/18.959265","article-title":"Uncertainty principles and ideal atomic decomposition","volume":"47","author":"Donoho","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/23\/3\/008","article-title":"Sparsity and Incoherence in Compressive Sampling","volume":"23","author":"Candes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Rapuano, S. (2021). A reduced-code method for integral nonlinearity testing in DACs. Measurement, 182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109764"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160aliga, J., Andr\u00e1\u0161, I., Dolinsk\u00fd, P., Michaeli, L., Kov\u00e1\u010d, O., and Kromka, J. (2021). ECG compressed sensing method with high compression ratio and dynamic model reconstruction. Measurement, 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109803"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., Picariello, F., and Rapuano, S. (2021, January 23\u201325). Deterministic Compressed Sensing of heart sound signals. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA52024.2021.9478766"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Picariello, F. (2021). ECG Monitoring Based on Dynamic Compressed Sensing of Multi-Lead Signals. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217003"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iadarola, G., Poli, A., and Spinsante, S. (2022, January 16\u201319). Compressed Sensing of Skin Conductance Level for IoT-based wearable sensors. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC48687.2022.9806516"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2010.2042414","article-title":"From Theory to Practice: Sub-Nyquist Sampling of Sparse Wideband Analog Signals","volume":"4","author":"Mishali","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2011). IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital Converters (Standard No. IEEE Std 1241-2010;)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.860430","article-title":"Stable recovery of sparse overcomplete representations in the presence of noise","volume":"52","author":"Donoho","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, M.A., and Needell, D. (2010, January 17\u201319). Mixed operators in compressed sensing. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2010.5464909"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2039170","article-title":"General Deviants: An Analysis of Perturbations in Compressed Sensing","volume":"4","author":"Herman","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2022.9908270","article-title":"The IEEE Technical Committee 10-The Waveform Generation, Measurement, and Analysis Committee: Update 2021","volume":"25","author":"Jendzurski","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragheb, T., Laska, J.N., Nejati, H., Kirolos, S., Baraniuk, R.G., and Massoud, Y. (2008, January 10\u201313). A prototype hardware for random demodulation based compressive analog-to-digital conversion. Proceedings of the 51st Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Knoxville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2008.4616730"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laska, J.N., Slavinsky, J.P., and Baraniuk, R.G. (2011, January 6\u20139). The polyphase random demodulator for wideband compressive sensing. Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Forty Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2011.6190054"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2203729","article-title":"Reducing the Analog and Digital Bandwidth Requirements of RF Receivers for Measuring Periodic Sparse Waveforms","volume":"61","author":"Nader","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, X., and Yuan, X. (2021, January 29\u201331). Calibration of Analog to Information Converter based Sampling System. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments (ICEMI), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMI52946.2021.9679635"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Rapuano, S. (2016, January 7\u20139). PRBS non-idealities affecting Random Demodulation Analog-to-Information Converters. Proceedings of the 21st IMEKO TC-4 International Symposium on Understanding the World through Electrical and Electronic Measurement and 19th IMEKO International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., Iovini, M., and Rapuano, S. (2016, January 7\u20139). Experimental comparison of two mathematical models for Analog-to-Information Converters. Proceedings of the 21st IMEKO TC-4 International Symposium on Understanding the World through Electrical and Electronic Measurement and 19th IMEKO International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Rapuano, S. (2018). Analog Multiplication in Random Demodulation Analog-to-Information Converters. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1065.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1065\/5\/052048"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Pankiewicz, P.J., Arildsen, T., and Larsen, T. (September, January 29). Sensitivity of the random demodulation framework to filter tolerances. Proceedings of the 19th European Signal Processing Converence, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Iadarola, G., and Rapuano, S. (2017, January 22\u201325). Experimental Characterization of a RF Mixer for Wideband Data Acquisition Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2017.7969884"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021). IEEE Standard for Jitter and Phase Noise. (Standard No. IEEE Std 2414-2020)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:41Z","timestamp":1760119421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}