{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:39:09Z","timestamp":1776731949622,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest nationalization policies in developing countries have often led to a reduction in local forest ownership rights and short- or long-term exploitative behaviors of stakeholders. The purpose of this research is to quantify the effect of Iran\u2019s Forest Nationalization Law (FNL) in a part of Zagros Forest over a 68-year time period (1955\u20132022) using 1955 historical aerial photos, 1968 Corona spy satellite photography, and classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite images. A past classification change detection technique was used to identify the extent and the pattern of land use changes in time. For this purpose, six periods were defined, to cover the time before and after the implementation of FNL. A 0.27% deforestation trend was identified over the period after the FNL. Dense and open forested area has decreased from 7175.62 ha and 68,927.46 ha in 1955 to 5664.26 ha and 59,223.38 ha in 2022. The FNL brought decisive changes in the legal and forest management systems at the state level, mainly by giving their ownership to the state. Accordingly, the FNL and the related conservation plans have not fully succeeded in protecting, rehabilitating, recovering, and developing the sparse Zagros Forest ecosystems, as their most important goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1673497778000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of Iran\u2019s Forest Nationalization Law on Forest Cover Changes over Six Decades: A Case Study of a Zagros Sparse Coppice Oak Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Beygi Heidarlou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Forestry Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia P.O. Box 165, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Banj Shafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia P.O. Box 165, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Turnului 5, 900152 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6072-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai Daniel","family":"Ni\u0163\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelian Alexandru","family":"Borz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lopez-Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4103215","article-title":"Simulating forest cover changes of Bannerghatta National Park based on a CA-Markov model: A remote sensing approach","volume":"4","author":"Adhikari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(98)00156-2","article-title":"A spatial explicit allocation procedure for modelling the pattern of land use change based upon actual land use","volume":"116","author":"Verburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. 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