{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:49:08Z","timestamp":1766407748828,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geophysical surveys are widely used to reconstruct subsoil seismo-stratigraphic structures with a non-invasive approach. In this study the geophysical surveys were carried out with the aim to characterise the San Giorgio Cathedral in Ragusa (Italy) and the area on which it is built from a dynamic point of view. A 3D subsoil model was realised through the integration of two active (i.e., seismic tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves) and one passive seismic technique (horizontal to vertical spatial ratio). The instrumentation used for the latter method consists of a tromograph (Tromino\u00ae), which is also employed for the characterisation of the building, focusing on the fa\u00e7ade and the dome, by means of an ambient vibration test, processed through the standard spectral ratio and frequency domain decomposition methods. Integration of the 3D model, showing the distribution of areas with different physicomechanical characteristics, enables identifying anomalies that are likely attributable to the remains of the ancient Byzantine church of San Nicola. Four lower modes mainly involving the two investigated macroelements are identified. The experimental results outline the advantages of the use of the tromograph both for soil and structural characterisation, especially for massive masonry buildings located in areas with high seismic hazard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1673499783000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Extended Tromograph Surveys for a Full Experimental Characterisation of the San Giorgio Cathedral in Ragusa (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Imposa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture Construction Conservation, University IUAV of Venice, Dorsoduro 2206, 30123 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences\u2014Earth Science Section, University of Catania, Corso Italia, 57, 95129 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Barontini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE (Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Morreale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences\u2014Earth Science Section, University of Catania, Corso Italia, 57, 95129 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture Construction Conservation, University IUAV of Venice, Dorsoduro 2206, 30123 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo B.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE (Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Imposa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences\u2014Earth Science Section, University of Catania, Corso Italia, 57, 95129 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, P.B., Barontini, A., Oliveira, D.V., and Ortega, J. 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