{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:48Z","timestamp":1760147148825,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R003971\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R003971\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual mobility (DM) implants are being increasingly used for total hip arthroplasties due to the additional range of motion and joint stability they afford over more traditional implant types. Currently, there are no reported methods for monitoring their motions under realistic operating conditions while in vitro and, therefore, it is challenging to predict how they will function under clinically relevant conditions and what failure modes may exist. This study reports the development, calibration, and validation of a novel inertial tracking system that directly mounts to the mobile liner of DM implants. The tracker was custom built and based on a miniaturized, off-the-shelf inertial measurement unit (IMU) and employed a gradient-decent sensor fusion algorithm for amalgamating nine degree-of-freedom IMU readings into three-axis orientation estimates. Additionally, a novel approach to magnetic interference mitigation using a fixed solenoid and magnetic field simulation was evaluated. The system produced orientation measurements to within 1.0\u00b0 of the true value under ideal conditions and 3.9\u00b0 with a negligible drift while in vitro, submerged in lubricant, and without a line of sight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inertial Tracking System for Monitoring Dual Mobility Hip Implants In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Peter","family":"Shuttleworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7639-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Smeeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Board","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Culmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Mechatronics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2283-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert William","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B1.BJJ-2017-0462.R1","article-title":"Outcomes of Dual Mobility Components in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"100","author":"Darrith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Jt. 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