{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:12:19Z","timestamp":1783527139837,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) are networks where there is no immediate connection between the source and the destination. Instead, nodes in these networks use a store\u2013carry\u2013forward method to route traffic. However, approaches that rely on flooding the network with unlimited copies of messages may not be effective if network resources are limited. On the other hand, quota-based approaches are more resource-efficient but can have low delivery rates and high delivery delays. This paper introduces the Enhanced Message Replication Technique (EMRT), which dynamically adjusts the number of message replicas based on a node\u2019s ability to quickly disseminate the message. This decision is based on factors such as current connections, encounter history, buffer size history, time-to-live values, and energy. The EMRT is applied to three different quota-based protocols: Spray and Wait, Encounter-Based Routing (EBR), and the Destination-Based Routing Protocol (DBRP). The simulation results show that applying the EMRT to these protocols improves the delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and latency average. For example, when combined with Spray and Wait, EBR, and DBRP, the delivery probability is improved by 13%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, while the latency average is reduced by 51%, 14%, and 13%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Enhanced Message Replication Technique for DTN Routing Protocols"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siham","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, De Montfort University, Gateway House, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meisam","family":"Sharifi Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney International School of Technology and Commerce, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Iranmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney International School of Technology and Commerce, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Al-Bayatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, De Montfort University, Gateway House, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6284-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmadullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, De Montfort University, Gateway House, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raad","family":"Raad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-010-0276-9","article-title":"Routing for disruption tolerant networks: Taxonomy and design","volume":"16","author":"Spyropoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. 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