{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:04:49Z","timestamp":1768982689218,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2023R137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design of an arc-shaped near-isotropic self-complementary antenna for spectrum sensing application. An arc-shaped dipole with horizontal and vertical arms is used to achieve a near isotropic radiation pattern. The radiation pattern improved by adjusting the horizontal and vertical arm lengths. Simulated and experimental results show that the proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 146% (2.4\u201318.4 GHz) for VSWR \u2264 2 with a good radiation pattern. In order to quantify the antenna performance, antenna gain variation, bandwidth, efficiency, and size have been compared with previously reported designs. It is shown that the proposed arc-shaped antenna can achieve nearly isotropic radiation patterns with a maximum radiation efficiency of 92%. The isotropic performance of the antenna has been characterized by observing the radiation pattern and solid angle. The FR4 substrate is used as a dielectric with relative permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. (\u03b5r = 4.4, h = 1.6 mm) The simulated and measured results are in good comparison, and the proposed design is a suitable candidate for spectrum sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Miniaturized Arc Shaped Near Isotropic Self-Complementary Antenna for Spectrum Sensing Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubaid Ur Rahman","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Basir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, ISRA University, Islamabad 11622, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0285-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazal","family":"Subhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, ISRA University, Islamabad 11622, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Agha Hassnain","family":"Mohsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 1, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Asghar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamdard Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hamdard University, Islamabad 11622, Pakistan"},{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2158673","article-title":"Cognitive radio networking and communications: An overview","volume":"60","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hall, P.S., Gardner, P., Kelly, J., Ebrahimi, E., Hamid, M.R., Ghanem, F., Herraiz-Martinez, F.J., and Segovia-Vargas, D. (2009, January 23\u201327). Reconfigurable antenna challenges for future radio systems. 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